1. MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Madagascar and Nepal Rebecca Flory Ben Millard

2. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger 1. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day 2. Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people 3. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

3. Madagascar In 2010, periodic household survey revealed that 76.6% of individuals living below the poverty threshold, which corresponds to an estimated 15 million people out of a total of 20 million inhabitants. Poverty affects more people living in rural areas. Small and middle peasants are the most affected. Poverty is unevenly distributed across regions. There are more poor people in southern regions than in the north. A quarter of children aged 5 to 17 years had worked in 2010 because of poverty. Underemployment related to the duration of the work affects a quarter of workers. The unemployment rate rose to 3.5% in 2010 against 2.6% in 2005 among 15-54 year olds. Nepal Percentage of population below USD 1 per day 1990- 33.54% 2005- 24.1% 2013- 16.4% 2015 target- 17% Percentage of population below national poverty line 1990- 42% 2005- 31% 2013- 23.82% 2015 target- 21% Prevalence of underweight children aged 6-59 months 1990- 57% 2005- 43% 2013- 28.8% 2015 target- 29% Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption 1990-49% 2005- 40% 2013- 15.7% 2015 target- 25% Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger – Likely Reduce extreme poverty by half – Likely Full and productive employment for all - Potentially likely Reduce extreme hunger - Likely

4. Both countries are similar in that they have gone through ups and downs, but have both increased slightly since 1999. They are different in that Nepal has experienced major ups and downs, like its major increase in 1999, and its major decrease in 2006. Also, the majority of the time, Nepal has maintained a higher GDP than Madagascar. Gross Domestic Product

5. Achieve Universal Primary Education Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

6. NEPAL Net enrolment rate in primary education 1990- 64% 2005- 84.2% 2013- 95.3% 2015 target- 100% Proportion of pupils enrolled in grade one that reach grade five 1990- 38 % 2005- 79.1% 2013- 84.2% 2015 target- 100% Literacy rate of 15-24 years olds 1990- 49.6% 2005- 79.4% 2013- 88.6% 2015 target- 100% While the status of primary education has improved significantly over the last two decades, retention and repetition are significant problems, there are still hundreds of thousands of out-of-school children. MADAGASCAR LITERACY RATE definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 64.5% male: 67.4% female: 61.6% (2009 est.) Education expenditures 2.8% of GDP (2011) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) total: 10 years male: 11 years female: 10 years (2009) Progress in universal primary education are low, the net primary enrollment rate has increased slightly from 71% in 1997 to 74% in 2010. In 2008, trends have shown that Madagascar was on track to achieve Universal Primary Education,but the crisis in which it is mired shows that it is unlikely that this will be achieved. DIFFERENCES- Nepal has had a lot of improvement in achieving universal primary education, while Madagascar has not improved very much over the past couple decades. Nepal has a fighting chance of reaching their goal by 2015, while Madagascar does not have a very good chance. SIMILARITIES- They both have similar school life expectancies, ranging from 9-11 years between boys and girls. They both started out with similar enrolment rate percentages, and were both getting better each year, but Madagascar has dropped off in the last few years.

7. Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education, no later than 2015

8. Madagascar: 151/186 Nepal: 157/186 According to the UNDP, this index is a composite measure which captures the loss of achievement, within a country, due to gender inequality, and uses three dimensions to do so: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation. According to these numbers, Madagascar holds a higher rank in terms of gender equality, and a better chance of reaching this goal. Gender Inequality Index

9. Reduce Child Mortality Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the mortality rate of children under five

10. NEPALMADAGASCAR 1990200020112015 target 1990200020112015 target Infant mortality rate (probability of dying by age 1 per 1000 live births) Infant mortality rate (probability of dying by age 1 per 1000 live births) 10864463698674333 Under-five mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births) Under-five mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births) 1629154 1611046254 DIFFERENCES- Nepal had already reached their goal in 2011. Madagascar is slightly behind, but still on track to reach it. Nepal started with a worse infant mortality rate than Madagascar, but is now ahead. SIMILARITIES- For both countries disparities exist between regions, between rural and urban areas, between rich and poor. For example, in Madagascar, the child mortality rate varies from 48 in the richest households, to 106 in the poorest households. And in Nepal, there is also a need to better target the hardest to reach segment of the population, those who have been overlooked in the past. This group includes, the ultra-poor and those disadvantaged because of their sex, age, ethnicity, disability, or geographical location.

11. Improve Maternal Healing 1. Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio 2. Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health

12. NEPAL As of 2012 in Nepal, only 58% of pregnant women are receiving prenatal care. 17% of the women getting pregnant are teenage mothers. MADAGASCAR As of 2012 in Madagascar, only 86% of pregnant women are receiving prenatal care. 32% of the women getting pregnant are teenage mothers. Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births) Year: 1990770 2000360 2010170 Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births) Year: 1990640 2000400 2010240 Both of these countries are not receiving the best possible care for women that are getting pregnant which could be the reason why the numbers are still high for the maternal mortality ratio. The numbers have decreased significantly since 1990 which is a good sign, so I think both of these countries are well on their way to reaching their goals for improving maternal healing by 2015.

13. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 1. Halt and begin to reverse, by 2015, the spread of HIV/AIDS 2. Achieve universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it 3. Halt and begin to reverse, by 2015, the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

14. NEPAL People living with HIV/AIDS 64,000 (2009 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths 4,700 (2009 est.) HIV prevalence among men and women aged 15–24 years (%) 2005- 0.15 2013- 0.12 Total expenditure on health as % of gross domestic product 2000- 5.4% 2010- 5.1% Clinical malaria incidence (per 1,000 people) 2005- 3.3 2013- 3.23 Nearly 79% of Nepal’s total population of 24 million (at the time of the article) lives in malaria-risk areas. Despite this, deaths from the disease have become rarer in recent years. This is because the National Malaria Control Programme has aimed to combat malaria prevalence, through the distribution of bed nets, spraying insecticides, inspection, and surveillance. Also, malaria medicines are cheap and sometimes free in many health centers. MADAGASCAR People living with HIV/AIDS 24,000 (2009 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths 1,700 (2009 est.) Total expenditure on health as % of gross domestic product 2000- 3.7% 2010- 3.6% Madagascar is among the countries where HIV prevalence is maintained at less than 1% even in the most at risk groups. Other diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis are endemic and still affect a large part of the Malagasy population. There has been a significant reduction in the incidence of malaria and hospital related mortality in recent years, due to preventive and curative measures, funding from programs like UNICEF, the World Health Organization,and MONACO, and efficient coordination and management of programs.

15. SIMILARITIES It is interesting that for both countries, their health expenditures as a percentage of the GDP have actually gone down slightly. Even though both countries have fought hard against malaria and AIDS through different programs, they are still very far from completely overcoming these problems. It seems that both countries are likely to reach their goals of halting and reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS. They are both also doing well in achieving universal access to treatment for all who need it. DIFFERENCES Nepal continues to have a higher total expenditure on health as a percentage of the GDP. While Nepal has achieved the goal of halting and beginning to reverse the trend of the incidence of Malaria and other diseases, in Madagascar, malaria and other diseases are still affect many.

16. Ensure Environmental Sustainability 1. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources 2 Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss 3. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation 4. Achieve, by 2020, a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

17. NEPAL DRINKING WATER SOURCE improved: urban: 93% of population rural: 88% of population total: 89% of population unimproved: urban: 7% of population rural: 12% of population total: 11% of population (2010 est.) SANITATION FACILITY ACCESS improved: urban: 48% of population rural: 27% of population total: 31% of population MADAGASCAR DRINKING WATER SOURCE improved: urban: 74% of population rural: 34% of population total: 46% of population unimproved: urban: 26% of population rural: 66% of population total: 54% of population (2010 est.) SANITATION FACILITY ACCESS improved: urban: 21% of population rural: 12% of population total: 15% of population SIMILARITIES- Both countries are doing much better in the urban areas than the rural areas. Both countries have improved in the percentage of the population with a drinking water source by about 3 times as much as they have improved in sanitation facility access. DIFFERENCES- Nepal is doing better overall with achieving drinking water sources, and much better with sanitation facility access. Nepal’s difference between urban and rural with drinking water sources is also much closer than Madagascar’s. But the difference between urban and rural for sanitation facility access is about the same, with rural’s percentage being just under half for both countries.

18. Global Partnership for Development 1. Develop further an open, rules-based, predictable, non- discriminatory trading and financial system 2. Address the special needs of least developed countries, landlocked countries and small island developing states 3. Deal comprehensively with developing countries’ debt 4. In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries 5. In cooperation with the private sector, make available benefits of new technologies, especially ICTs

19. Nepal The flow of foreign assistance to Nepal, inclusive of all bilateral and multilateral loans, grants and technical assistance, more than doubled between 2002 and 2009. Per capita foreign aid flows increased from NRs 621 in02 to Nrs 1,317 in 2009. Sectoral distribution of foreign aid shows that the share of foreign aid in the social sector has almost doubled since 2002, reaching nearly 68 per cent in 2009. On enhancing trade, Nepal passed an important milestone when it joined the World Trade Organization in 2004. Nepal has increased its Aid Effectiveness by aligning donor and government programs more effectively. In 2008, they participated in a Forum on Aid Effectiveness. The UN system in Nepal is taking steps to to harmonising its programs with government systems, helping in areas such as education and health. They are also helping to lessen Government transaction costs by furthering internal coordination and joint programming. Madagascar After a political crisis that affected the country in 2008, flows of official development assistance fell sharply, falling to 329 million USD in 2009. Loans were affected more than donations, falling by almost 80%, because of different measures of suspension. In 2010, only 1% of households had a landline (2.2% in urban areas). 51.6% of urban households had a mobile phone. In contrast, only 17% of rural households had.. The Internet access rate remains very low in Madagascar with just 1.6 per 100 people in 2009 and 0.2 in 2008. SIMILARITIES- Until 2008, both countries were improving in regards to this goal. Both countries experience difficulties due to their geographical location. Nepal, because of the mountain ranges, has easy access only to the country of India. Madagascar, while not very far from the mainland, is an island. DIFFERENCES- According to UNDP, Nepal is likely to achieve this goal by 2015! However, because of the crisis in 2008, it seems that Madagascar will not. The availability of technology is still quite low. And their foreign development assistance was actually falling. Nepal has been increasing its Aid Effectiveness through efficient government programs.

20. References http://www.undp.org http://www.who.int/en/ http://www.irinnews.org http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ http://www.mg.undp.org/madagascar/fr/home.html http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/1.5 http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=67&c=np&l=en