2. First, what is rhetoric?  Rhetoric (n)- the art of speaking or writing effectively (Webster’s Definition).

3. What are rhetorical devices?  Rhetorical devices are techniques writers use to enhance their arguments and communicate more effectively.

4. Rhetorical Devices Continued… Rhetoric is used to Persuade Inform Express

5. Rhetoric in persuasion Persuasion is one of the oldest, and perhaps the most recognized, uses of rhetoric. By arousing an emotional response, evoking powerful imagery, or calling upon reputable authorities, rhetoric gives you a great deal of power with which to communicate your message.

6. Continued… It is no coincidence that the two groups who use rhetoric the most are the two groups most interested in persuading others: politicians and lawyers. Listen to any closing argument that a lawyer presents and you will be sure to identify rhetoric.

7. Rhetorical Appeals  Ethos: credibility Ex. George Foreman, former athlete, selling his grilling machine (credible)  Pathos: emotional Example: Anecdotal writing or narratives  Logos: logic (induction and deduction) Example: Facts and statistics

8. Political Speeches Look at almost any political speech in the last few hundred years, and you’ll find many clever uses of rhetoric.

9. Rhetorical Devices You should be familiar with the following rhetorical devices. Keep in mind there are many rhetorical devices, but we will cover only some. Allusion Alliteration Analogy Metaphor Euphemism Rhetorical Question Irony (dramatic, situational, and verbal) Repetition Paradox

10. Allusion Alliteration  A reference to a well- known story, even, person, or object in order to make a comparison  Example: “I was not born in a manger. I was actually born on Krypton and sent here by my father, Jor-el, to save the planet Earth.” –Barack Obama  Repetition of consonant sounds, used to show meaning and emphasize parts of a text  Example: A big bully beats the bashful boy.

11. Analogy Metaphor  A comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it.  Example: “Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you’re gonna get.”-Forrest Gump  Comparing two unlike things without using like or as, but comparing the two things directly.  Example: The assignment was a breeze.

12. Euphemism Rhetorical Question  Substitution of an agreeable or as least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant  Example: A few fries short of a Happy Meal  A question that is posed for emphasis, not requiring an answer.  Example: “Art thou mad? Is not the truth the truth?” (Henry IV, Part 1)

13. Repetition  CONDUPLICATIO  Repetition of a key word over successive phrases or clauses  Ex. “We will have difficult times. We’ve had difficult times. And we will have difficult times.”-Robert Kennedy  ANTISTROPHE  Repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of a clause  Ex. In 1931, ten years ago, Japan invaded Manchukuo-without warning. In 1935…without warning…”-F.D.R.

14. Irony: The intended meaning of words is different from the actual meaning.  Situational: Both the characters and the audience are fully unaware of the implications of the real situation. The situation ends up different than the way we anticipated.  Example: A couple going through a divorce (with irreconcilable differences) discover a bond of love during court proceedings and decide to remarry instead.  Verbal: Saying what one does not mean  Example: “tis true this god did shake.”-Julius Caesar  Dramatic: The characters are oblivious to the situation, but the audience is not.  Example: In Romeo and Juliet, we know before the characters that they are going to die.

15. SynecdocheParadox  A part of quality of something which is used in substitution of something larger  Ex. We rode in her new set of wheels.  As assertion seemingly opposed to common sense, but that may yet have some truth in it  Example: “What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.”-George Bernard Shaw

16. Practice Write example using FIVE rhetorical devices that you just learned about. You can chose the five. Be prepared to share and explain WHY that is the rhetorical device you chose. 1. Rhetorical device: Your example 2.. 3. 4. 5.