1. DSP Architectures Additional Slides Professor S. Srinivasan Electrical Engineering Department I.I.T.-Madras, Chennai –600 036 srini@ee.iitm.ac.in

2. Figure 4.3(a) Block diagram of a barrel shifter

3. Figure 4.3(b) Implementation of a 4-bit, shift-right barrel shifter

4. Figure 4.5 A MAC unit with accumulator guard bits

5. Figure 4.6 A schematic diagram of the saturation logic

6. Figure 4.7 Block diagram of an arithmetic logic unit

7. Figure 4.9 Register pointer updating algorithm for circular buffer addressing mode: SAR = start address register contents, EAR = end address register contents, PNTR = pointer

8. Figure 4.10 Different cases that arise in updating the pointer in circular buffer addressing mode

9. Figure 4.10 Continued

10. Figure 4.11 Block diagram of an address generation unit

11. Bit-reversal Hardware

12. Figure 4.12 A conceptual diagram of a program sequencer

13. Instruction Level Parallelism VLIW architecture Each instruction specifies several operations to be done in parallel Advantages : Simple hardware compilers can spot ILP easily Disadvantages : Little compatibilty between generations Explicit NOPs bloat code size

14. Super scalar architecture Hardware responsible for finding ILP in a sequential program Advantage : Compatibility between generations Disadvantage : Very complex hardware

15. Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) Combines VLIW and super scalar architectures Instructions are grouped into 3 operating blocks and a template block Template block tells hardware if instructions can be executed in parallel Also gives information whether the block can be executed in parallel

16. ILP versus Power Increasing instructions / cycle  Requires fewer cycles to execute a task  Uses longer clock for same performance  Uses lower supply voltage  And hence uses less power However, too many functional units and too many transitions per clock cycle increase power consumption.

17. Low Power architecture  Power consumed by additional circuits vs. ability to lower clock rate while maintaining performance  Circuits must be highly used  Move complexity into software  Voltage scaling : Reduce V dd  Clock gating : Turn off clock when chip is not in use ( applies to sub-modules of chip also)

18.  VLIW is more suitable than super scalar for low power - VLIW is smaller for same number of functional units - Compiler is better at finding parallelism than hardware  Put multiple processors on chip rather than lots of functional units in one processor  Helps in running independent tasks

19. General Purpose Microprocessor 2000  GHz clock speed  32-bit address or more  32-bit bus, 128-bit instructions  Complex MMU  Super scalar CPU  MMX instructions  On chip cache  Single cycle execution  32-bit floating point ALU on board  Very expensive  10s of watts of power

20. DSP in 2000  Clock 100 ~ 200 MHz  16-bit floating point or 32-bit floating point  16-24 bits address space  Large on-chip and off-chip memories  Single cycle execution of most instructions  Harvard architecture  Lots of special DSP instructions  50 mw to 2w power  Cheap

21. Future of DSP Microprocessor  Sufficiently unique for an independent class of applications (HDD, cell phone)  Low power consumption, low cost  High performance within power, cost constraints (MIPS/mw, MIPS/$)  Fixed point & floating point  Better compilers - but users must be informed  Hybrid DSP/ GP systems