1. Matter and Energy #1 1.States/ Properties/Changes 2.Forms & Transfer of Energy

2. Matter Anything that HAS MASS and they OCCUPY SPACE. Ex? – List 5. Section 1

3. Kinetic Theory Describes the behavior of matter All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles. These tiny particles are always in motion. The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move. At the same temperature, the massive (heavier) particles move slower than the less massive (lighter) particles.

4. 4 States of Matter There are 4 states of matter the kinetic theory helps describe: solids, liquids, gases and plasma. These states of matter are physically different.

5. Solid Molecules do not move freely, they vibrate in place, giving solids a rigid structure. They have ordered, fixed, and tightly packed arrangements due to chemical bonding and intramolecular interactions LEAST AMOUNT OF ENERGY

6. Liquids Molecules are closer together and moves faster than solids. Molecules are weakly attracted to one another moving less freely than gas. They move randomly and fill the container in which they are held. The rate at which a liquid moves/flows is known as its viscosity. The slower moving= more viscous. Ex: Glass.

7. Gases molecules are in constant, random motion spreading out in all directions (diffusion). They exert pressure. The pressure is made by individual gas molecules hitting the sides of the container. As the temperature rises, the molecules begin to move faster = the pressure increases (the molecules hit the sides more often and with greater energy/force= increased pressure).

8. http://titanium.fullerton.edu/shock/PHASED.htmtitanium.fullerton.edu/shock/PHASED.htm

9. Plasma Usually an ionized gas. Does not definite shape. Conducts electricity well. Effected by electric and magnetic fields. MOST AMOUNT OF ENERGY

10. http://www.harcourtschool.com/ activity/states_of_matter/http://www.harcourtschool.com/ activity/states_of_matter/

11. Changes in State Energy’s Role: required to move or change matter. Energy is transferred in all changes of state. ENERGY REQUIRED- to melt or evaporate any substance. Sublimation- physical change of a solid to gas- energy is required.

12. Changes in State cont. Energy Released- during condensation. Gas → Liquid or Liquid → solid. Changes of state: solid → liquid → gas, does not change the composition or the mass.

14. Laws of Conservation Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter cannot be created or destroyed. Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. (This is the 1st law of thermodynamics!)

15. Properties of Matter Chemical Properties: how a substance reacts with other substances, chemically, to form new *** composition will be changed***substances. Reactivity- the ability of a substance to react chemically with another substance. How much it will react depends on what they are reacting with and in what kind of environment the rxn is occurring. Ex: rust (the ability of iron to react with oxygen), and combustion/flammability. Electronegativity, ionization potential, pH, heat of combustion, toxicity, stability, flammability…

16. Properties of Matter cont. Physical Properties: characteristics of the substance which can be measured/observed without changing the composition of the substance. Melting point- temp. @ which a solid becomes a liquid. Boiling point- temp. @ which a liquid becomes a gas. Density- the mass per unit volume. Buoyancy- the force with which a more dense fluid pushes a less dense substance upward. * These properties help determine the use of the compound. *

17. Prop. Of Matter cont. Chemical Changes: occurs when a substance changes composition to form a new substance. Na 2 O + H 2 O→ 2NaOH Combustion: CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O

18. Prop. Of Matter cont. Physical Changes: only the physical properties/form change. The substance may look different but the atoms of the substance are not changed. Ex: changes of state- solid to liquid to gas. The substance looks different but the composition remains the same (H 2 O is still H 2 O). Grinding peanuts to make peanut butter. Pounding a gold nugget to make a ring ** The melting point, density or color of gold doesn’t change**

19. Prop. Of Matter cont. Melting, freezing and evaporation are physical changes. So is dissolving… Ex: sugar water. The Sugar molecules are not changed… they only spread out in the water. Proof? The water still tastes sweet; thus, dissolving is a physical change.

20. Energy (heat) Transfer A Review Radiation- energy transfer through empty space. No direct contact is required to transfer heat. Conduction- heat transfer by DIRECT CONTACT Convection- Heat transfer by the movement of a heated fluid.

21. Energy (heat) Transfer A Review NEVEREnergy (heat) always transfers from HIGH to LOW. NEVER from low to high.

22. Conductors vs. Insulators Conductor- matter which allow current/heat to flow. Currents flow via ELECTRONS jumping from one atom to the next. http://www.ndt- ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/conductorsinsulator s.htmwww.ndt- ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/conductorsinsulator s.htm

23. Conductor

24. Insulator Insulator- matter which resists the flow of current/ heat.

25. CALCULATING DENSITY Which box would weigh more? Why? The box that has more red balls (more mass per unit of volume). This property of matter is called density. Density is expressed in g/cm 3.

26. CALCULATING DENSITY The formula for calculating density is : Solve: A piece of tin has a mass of 16.25g and a volume of 2.26 cm 3. What is the density of the tin? A man has a 50.0 cm 3 bottle completely filled with 163g of a slimy green liquid. What is the density of the liquid? A piece of metal has a density of 11.3 g/cm 3 and a volume of 6.7cm 3. What is the mass of the metal?