1. SQL Functions

2. SQL functions are built into Oracle Database and are available for use in various appropriate SQL statements. These functions are use full for performing processing on string, numeric or date type data.

3. Two Types of SQL Functions Functions Single-rowFunctions (Scalar Function) Multiple-rowFunctions (Aggregate Or Group function)

4. Single-Row/Scalar Functions: Act on each row returned Return one result per row Multiple Row/Group/Aggregate Functions Act on set of rows Return one result for set of rows SQL Functions

5. Single-Row Functions Conversion Character Number Date Single-rowfunctions

6. Character/String Functions LOWERLPAD UPPERRPAD INITCAPVSIZE SUBSTR INSTR ASCII TRANSLATE CONCAT LENGTH LTRIM RTRIM TRIM

7. LOWER: - Returns the argument in lowercase. syntax: LOWER(char||field name) example: select LOWER(‘MYSQL') from dual; -> mysql UPPER: -Convert argument to uppercase. syntax: UPPER(char||field name) example: SELECT UPPER('Hej') from dual; -> HEJ Character/String Functions

8. INITCAP: -Returns string with the first letter of each word in upper case. Syntax: INITCAP(char||field_name) example: select INITCAP(‘my sql') from dual; -> My Sql SUBSTR: –Returns a sub part of string with respect to position and number of string. it takes string, position and no_of_char as argument. Syntax: SUBSTR(string||field, position, no_of_char) Example: select substr(name,3,2) from demo; Character/String Functions

9. INSTR: - Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring substr in string str. syntax: INSTR(str1,st2,[start_posi]) example: SELECT INSTR('foobarbar', 'bar'); ->4 ASCII: -Return ascii numeric value of character syntax: ASCII(char) example: SELECT ASCII(‘d'); -> 100 Character/String Functions SELECT ASCII('dx'); -> 100

10. TRANSLATE: - TRANSLATE returns string with all occurrences of each character in to_replace_str replaced by its corresponding replacement_str. syntax: TRANSLATE(string to_replace_str, replacement_str) example: SELECT TRANSLATE(5myNumber123', ‘512‘,’789’); ->7myNumber893 CONCAT: -Returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments. syntax: CONCAT(str1,str2) example: SELECT CONCAT(‘My’,’Sql’); -> MySql Character/String Functions SELECT ASCII('dx'); -> 100

11. LENGTH: - Returns the length of a string. syntax: LENGTH(‘str’) example: SELECT LENGTH('text') from dual; ->4 LTRIM: - Returns the string str with leading space characters or specified character removed. syntax: LTRIM(str,[char]) example: SELECT LTRIM(' MySQL');-> MySQL SELECT LTRIM(‘ANISHA’,’A’) from dual; ->NISHA Character/String Functions SELECT ASCII('dx'); -> 100

12. RTRIM: - Returns the string str with trailing space characters or specified character removed from right side. syntax: RTRIM(str,[char]) example: SELECT RTRIM('MySQL ');-> MySQL SELECT LTRIM(‘ANISHA’,’A’) from dual; ->ANISH TRIM: - removes the leading, trailing, both space characters or specified character from string. syntax: TRIM(leading||trailing||both ‘char’ from ‘str’) example: SELECT TRIM(' MySQL ');-> MySQL SELECT TRIM(both ‘A’ from ‘ANISHA’) from dual; ->NISH Character/String Functions SELECT ASCII('dx'); -> 100

13. LPAD: - Return the string argument, left-padded with the specified character. syntax: LPAD(‘str1’,length,’char’) example: SELECT LPAD('hi',4,'??') from dual; -> '??hi' RPAD: - Return the string argument, right-padded with the specified character. syntax: RPAD(‘str1’,length,’char’) example: SELECT RPAD('hi',5,'?') from dual; -> 'hi???‘ SELECT RPAD('hi',1,'?') from dual; -> 'h' Character/String Functions SELECT ASCII('dx'); -> 100

14. Numeric Functions ABS POWER SQRT ROUND FLOOR CEIL TRUNC EXP(EXPONENT) GREATEST LEAST MOD

15. ABS: - Return the absolute value of n. syntax: ABS(n) example: SELECT ABS(-15) from dual; -> 15 POWER: - Returns m raised to n power. ‘n’ must be an integer. syntax: POWER(m,n) example: SELECT POWER(3,2) from dual; -> 9 SELECT POWER(3,3) from dual; -> 27 Numeric Functions

16. SQRT: - Returns square root of ‘n’. syntax: SQRT(n) example: SELECT SQRT(9) from dual; -> 3 ROUND: - Returns n, rounded to ‘m’ place to the right of decimal point. If ‘m’ is omitted, ‘n’ is rounded to 0 places (without float value). syntax: ROUND(m,[n]) example: SELECT ROUND(14.55) from dual; -> 15 SELECT ROUND(14.555,2) from dual;-> 14.56 Numeric Functions

17. FLOOR: - Returns the largest integer value that is less than or equal to a number. syntax: FLOOR(n) example: SELECT FLOOR(24.8) “floor” from dual; -> 24 CEIL: - Returns the integer value that is greater that or equal to a number. syntax: CEIL(n) example: SELECT CEIL(24.8) from dual; -> 25 Numeric Functions

18. TRUNC: - Returns a number truncated to a certain number of decimal places. If decimal places is omitted,the function will truncate the number to 0 decimal places. syntax: TRUNC(number,[decimal places]) example: select trunc(15.8556,2) from dual; ->15.85 EXP: -Returns e raised to nth power, where e=2.71828183. syntax: EXP(n) example: select EXP(3) from dual; ->20.085536923 Numeric Functions

19. GREATEST: - Returns greatest value from list of expressions. syntax: GREATEST(expr1,expr2,..expr3) example: select greatest(5,7,8) from dual; -> 8 LEAST: -Returns the least value from list of expression. syntax: LEAST(expr1,expr2,..expr3) example: select least(5,7,8) from dual; -> 5 Numeric Functions

20. MOD: - Returns remainder of 1 st number divided by second number passed as parameter. syntax: MOD(m,n) example: select mod(4,2) from dual; ->0 select mod(5.5,2) from dual; ->1.5 Numeric Functions

21. Date Functions To manipulate and extract values from date column oracle provides some date functions: SYSDATE is used to get system date. ADD_MONTHS LAST_DAY MONTHS_BETWEEN NEXT_DAY ROUND EXTRACT

22. ADD_MONTHS: - Returns the date after adding the number of months specified in function. syntax: ADD_MONTHS(date,no_of_month) example: select add_months(‘21-jan-2014’,4) from dual; -> 21-MAY-14 MONTHS_BETWEEN : -Returns the number of months between date1 and date2. syntax: MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1,date2) example: select months_between('15-jan-2014','15-nov-2013') from dual;- >2 Date Functions

23. LAST_DAY: - Returns the last date of months specified in function. syntax: LAST_DAY(date) example: select last_day(sysdate) from dual; -> 31-JAN-14 NEXT_DAY: -NEXT_DAY returns the date of the first weekday named by char that is after date named by date. The return type is always DATE, regardless of the datatype of date. The argument char must be a day of the week syntax: NEXT_DAY(date,char) example: select next_day(sysdate,'sunday') from dual;- >26-jab-14 Date Functions

24. ROUND: - ROUND function returns a date rounded to a specific unit of measure. format parameter: Date Functions UnitValid format parametersRounding Rule YearSYYYY, YYYY, YEAR, SYEAR, YYY, YY, YRounds up on July 1st ISO Year IYYY, IY, I QuarterQRounds up on the 16th day of the second month of the quarter MonthMONTH, MON, MM, RMRounds up on the 16th day of the month Week WW Same day of the week as the first day of the year WWSame day of the week as the first day of the month DayDDD,DD MinuteMI HourHH, HH12,HH24

25. syntax: ROUND( date, [ format ] ) example: ROUND(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-03'),'YEAR') would return '01-JAN-04' ROUND(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-03'),'Q') would return '01-OCT-03' ROUND(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-03'),'MONTH') would return '01-SEP-03' ROUND(TO_DATE ('22-AUG-03'),'DDD') would return '22-AUG-03‘ EXTRACT: EXTRACT function extracts a value from a date or interval value. Syntax: EXTRACT ( { YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND } | { TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE } | { TIMEZONE_REGION | TIMEZONE_ABBR } FROM { date_value | interval_value } ) Date Functions

26. Examples: SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM DATE '2003-08-22') from dual ->2003 SELECT EXTRACT(MONTH FROM DATE '2003-08-22') from dual-> 8 SELECT EXTRACT(DAY FROM DATE '2003-08-22') from dual-> 22 SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TO_TIMESTAMP('01-JAN-2005 19:15:26', 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')) AS HOUR FROM dual; ->19 Date Functions