1. Brief History of Bt cowpea project Initially conceived by a group** at Purdue in 1987, in collaboration with scientists from IITA **Network for the Genetic Improvement of Cowpea for Africa Early funding by Rockefeller Foundation Current funding: USAID grant to AATF -AATF coordinates efforts with partners, including CSIRO, NGICA, PBS, etc

2. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Institut international d’agriculture tropicale – www.iita.org The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata

4. Site of the trial

5. b Transgenic potato plants with resistance to potato beetle, using B. t. protein; Produced and field tested by ABI, Sofia, Bulgaria. Pre-2005 Alternative: multiple applications of insecticides

6. Improving the Human Condition through Plant Science Necessary In-House capabilities to develop and deploy transgenic plants Core Functions Product development and delivery Collaboration I.P. and Licensing Regulatory Affairs – Biosafety Approvals Field testing Product development planning/coordination Communications With emphasis on good stewardship

7. Improving the Human Condition through Plant Science Regulatory Hurdles for Transgenic Disease and Insect Resistance Include: Confirming efficacy Confirming safety of transgenic event for: Agricultural environment Consumer Confirming low/no risk of weediness in crop or outcrossing species (similar requirements are not made for non- transgenic resistance)

8. Improving the Human Condition through Plant Science First Field Trial of a Food Crop in 1987, TMV-Resistant Tomatoes In 1987 Dr. Roger Beachy, foreground at right, joins scientists to test the first genetically modified plants in a field trial in Jerseyville, Il. Coat Protein Mediated Resistance first described in December, 1986. To date fewer that six public sector transgenic crop have reached market. Why not more success? What steps can be taken to enhance contributions of public sector scientists to food production (and economy) in the future?