1. ICM/UTM - CSIC Hymex activities Joaquim Ballabrera Jordi Font Jordi Salat Marta Umbert

2. ICM/UTM - CSIC Hymex activities L’Estartit time series (1974-2010) Western Mediterranean Deep water formation E-P estimation in Ocean Models assimilation SMOS mission

3. L’Estartit time series Trends of air and sea warming Seasonal shifts Trends on period where T air > T water Effect on evaporation/precipitation New approach for latent heat exchange

4. Warming trends

5. Seasonal shifts days when T@20m>17°C 1st.day = -0,77·(year-1974)+176,3last.day = 0,67·(year-1974)+297,8 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 197419781982198619901994199820022006 Julian day

6. Trends on period of T air > T water

7. WMDW formation Evolution of WMDW Western Mediterranean transient Effects on the hydrological cycle Control of Gibraltar inflow/outflow How can we monitor inflow?

8. Deep Water Formation (DWF) area Rhone G. of Lions Catalan coast G. of Genova Carcassonne S M P C

9. Western Mediterranean Transient

10.  (°C) S   (kg.m -3 ) ~12.89 ~ 38.49 > 29.12 2007 2008 Temperature and near-bottom current speed at the point C From: Puig et al., 2009 Temperature, Salinity and density at the point M From: Fuda et al., 2009 Shifts in DWF

11. Gibraltar input/output Temperature Salinity 80 m 270 m Input: zoom scale

12. E-P estimates in ocean models The amplitude of the water cycle over the oceans is given by E-P. In numerical models, Evaporation is calculated with empirical formulae using a fixed set of parameters. Our work aims to identify which parameters, of these empirical formulae, have the largest impact of the E-P fluxes in an ocean model (NEMO-OPA). Our objective is to infer the appropriate value of these parameters using Data Assimilation techniques.

13. Objective: Determining the turbulent coefficients that affect the E-P balance of the model. Standard deviation of E-P from a reference simulation of the model: C E,orig Difference between S+ and S-. S+ = simulation C E = 1.25 * C E,orig S- = simulation C E = 0.75 * C E,orig Same order of magnitude

14. SMOS Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity, an Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission from the European Space Agency Pioneer technology for earth observation (microwave interferometric radiometer) Spain leading role (science, technology, industry, processing, Valencia validation site) Launched November 2, 2009. In operations phase since May 2010 I. Corbella, UPC: SMOS brightness temperature

15. Sea Surface Salinity Objective: Determining sea surface salinity with an accuracy of the order of 0.1 practical salinity units, 100 – 200 km spatial resolution and 10 – 30 days temporal resolution http://www.smos-bec.icm.csic.es Retrieved SSS along an orbit (SMOS L2OS Operational Processor) (N. Reul, IFREMER, Brest) (M. Talone, SMOS-BEC, Barcelona)

16. Soil Moisture Objective: Determining soil moisture with a 4% accuracy, plus vegetation water content, with a spatial resolution of 50 km and a revisiting time of at least 3 days Spanish SMOS level 3 and 4 Data Processing Centre http://www.cp34-smos.icm.csic.es/ CESBIO/CNES, Toulouse: preliminary soil moisture m 3 water / m 3 soil