1. Technical Options to HFCs for Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) Indo-US Workshop on Hydrofluorocarbons 18 February 2011 David S. Godwin, P.E. U.S. EPA

2. CFC-12 in MAC: A Long History 1928: Synthesized by Midgley, Henne & McNary 1931: First fluorocarbon to be commercialized 1940s: Wide use in many applications – Non-flammable, low toxicity, good refrigeration properties 1974: CFC-12 can deplete the ozone layer 1987: Montreal Protocol 1996/2010: Phased out globally Today: Some CFC-12 MACs still operating 2

3. HFC-134a in MAC: A Success Story Proposed as the logical alternative – Non-flammable, low toxicity, good refrigeration properties – Similar performance to CFC-12 Adopted for MACs by 1992; quick transition – by 1995 in U.S.; now global Much lower GWP (1430 v. 10900) Engineering improvements increase global benefits – Smaller charge sizes, lower leak rates, less maintenance 3

4. Opportunities beyond HFC-134a Emissions continue to rise Mandatory phase-out in the EU (GWP<150) – 2011: new models – 2017: all cars 4 Many alternatives available – HFC-152a, CO 2, HFO-1234yf – Opportunity for others

5. Alternatives to HFC-134a in MAC 5 All options: Ozone-safe, good refrigeration properties, safety issues managed through good design HFC-152a (GWP=124) HFO-1234yf (GWP=4) CO 2 / R-744 (GWP=1) Hydrocarbons? Other HFOs? Blends? CFC-12 HFC-134a Options Past Present Future

6. Thank You Contact Information: Dave Godwin U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +1-202-343-9324 Godwin.Dave@epa.gov Alternatives in MACs Fact Sheet (www.epa.gov/ozone/downloads/EPA_HFC_MVAC.pdf) Acceptable alternatives in the U.S. (www.epa.gov/ozone/snap) 6