1. Stoichiometry Chapter 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. ComponentSymbolStateConcentration NitrogenN2N2 N≡N78.62% OxygenO2O2 O=O20.85% ArgonAr 0.9% Carbon Dioxide CO 2 O=C=O380 ppm Composition of the Atmosphere

3. Conversion factor for liters and moles of Air 1 Mole of Air occupies 22.4 Liters at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP: STP = 1 atmosphere and 0°C) Therefore, there are 4.46 X 10 -2 moles in a Liter of air. i.e. 1/(22.4 liters/mole) = 4.46 X 10 -2 moles /L 3.2 1 mol = N A = 6.0221367 x 10 23 Avogadro’s number (N A ) Also…..

4. How many molecules in a breath? A resting breath (tidal) is about 0.5 Liter. Therefore: (0.5 L air/breath) X (4.46 X 10 -2 moles /L air) = 2.2 X 10 -2 moles air/breath And (2.2 X 10 -2 moles air/breath) X (6.02 X 10 23 molecules/mole) = 1.4 X 10 24 molecules/breath

5. Concentration m^3L^3Moles Nitrogen 78.62%1729.641.73E+067.7E+04 Oxygen 20.85%458.74.59E+052.1E+04 Argon 0.9%19.81.98E+048.8E+02 Carbon Dioxide 380 ppm8.36E-018.36E+023.7E+01 How many moles and molecules in this room? # of Molecules 4.6E+28 1.2E+28 5.3E+26 2.2E+25

6. Composition of atmospheric air and expired air in a typical subject.. Component Atmospheric Air (%) Expired Air (%) N 2 (plus inert gases) 78.6274.9 O2O2 20.8515.3 CO 2 0.033.6 H2OH2O0.56.2 100.0%

7. Average atomic mass (6.941)

8. Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule. SO 2 1S32.07 amu 2O+ 2 x 16.00 amu SO 2 64.07 amu For any molecule molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams) 1 molecule SO 2 = 64.07 amu 1 mole SO 2 = 64.07 g SO 2 3.3

9. For any molecule molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams) 1 molecule SO 2 = 64.07 amu 1 mole SO 2 = 64.07 g SO 2 The molar mass of SO 2 is 64.07 g

10. Do You Understand Molecular Mass? How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C 3 H 8 O ? 1 mol C 3 H 8 O = (3 x 12.01) + (8 x 1.008) + 16.00 = 60.09 g C 3 H 8 O 1 mol H = 6.022 x 10 23 atoms H 5.82 x 10 24 atoms H 3.3 1 mol C 3 H 8 O molecules = 8 mol H atoms 72.5 g C 3 H 8 O 1 mol C 3 H 8 O 60.09 g C 3 H 8 O x 8 mol H atoms 1 mol C 3 H 8 O x 6.022 x 10 23 H atoms 1 mol H atoms x =

11. Percent composition of an element in a compound = n x molar mass of element molar mass of compound x 100% n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of the compound C2H6OC2H6O %C = 2 x (12.01 g) 46.07 g x 100% = 52.14%H = 6 x (1.008 g) 46.07 g x 100% = 13.13%O = 1 x (16.00 g) 46.07 g x 100% = 34.73% 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.00% 3.5

12. 3.6 g CO 2 mol CO 2 mol Cg C g H 2 O mol H 2 Omol Hg H g of O = g of sample – (g of C + g of H) Combust 11.5 g ethanol Collect 22.0 g CO 2 and 13.5 g H 2 O 6.0 g C = 0.50 mol C 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O Empirical formula C 0.50 H 1.5 O 0.25 Divide by smallest subscript (0.25) Empirical formula C 2 H 6 O

13. Fig. 3.5

15. 3.7 3 ways of representing the reaction of H 2 with O 2 to form H 2 O A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new substances is a chemical reaction A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction reactantsproducts

16. How to “Read” Chemical Equations 2 Mg + O 2 2 MgO 2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O 2 makes 2 formula units MgO 2 moles Mg + 1 mole O 2 makes 2 moles MgO 48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O 2 makes 80.6 g MgO IS NOT 2 grams Mg + 1 gram O 2 makes 2 g MgO 3.7

18. Balancing Chemical Equations 1.Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation. Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water C 2 H 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O 2.Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make the number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not change the subscripts. 3.7 2C 2 H 6 NOT C 4 H 12

19. Balancing Chemical Equations 3.Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one product. C 2 H 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O 3.7 start with C or H but not O 2 carbon on left 1 carbon on right multiply CO 2 by 2 C 2 H 6 + O 2 2CO 2 + H 2 O 6 hydrogen on left 2 hydrogen on right multiply H 2 O by 3 C 2 H 6 + O 2 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O

20. Balancing Chemical Equations 4.Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products. 3.7 2 oxygen on left 4 oxygen (2x2) C 2 H 6 + O 2 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O + 3 oxygen (3x1) multiply O 2 by 7 2 = 7 oxygen on right C 2 H 6 + O 2 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O 7 2 remove fraction multiply both sides by 2 2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O

21. Balancing Chemical Equations 5.Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation. 3.7 2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O ReactantsProducts 4 C 12 H 14 O 4 C 12 H 14 O 4 C (2 x 2)4 C12 H (2 x 6)12 H (6 x 2) 14 O (7 x 2)14 O (4 x 2 + 6)

22. 1.Write balanced chemical equation 2.Convert quantities of known substances into moles 3.Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the sought quantity 4.Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions 3.8

23. Methanol burns in air according to the equation 2CH 3 OH + 3O 2 2CO 2 + 4H 2 O If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what mass of water is produced? grams CH 3 OHmoles CH 3 OHmoles H 2 Ograms H 2 O molar mass CH 3 OH coefficients chemical equation molar mass H 2 O 209 g CH 3 OH 1 mol CH 3 OH 32.0 g CH 3 OH x 4 mol H 2 O 2 mol CH 3 OH x 18.0 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O x = 235 g H 2 O 3.8

24. 6 green used up 6 red left over Limiting Reagents 3.9

25. Do You Understand Limiting Reagents? In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe 2 O 3 2Al + Fe 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 + 2Fe Calculate the mass of Al 2 O 3 formed. g Almol Almol Fe 2 O 3 neededg Fe 2 O 3 needed OR g Fe 2 O 3 mol Fe 2 O 3 mol Al neededg Al needed 124 g Al 1 mol Al 27.0 g Al x 1 mol Fe 2 O 3 2 mol Al x 160. g Fe 2 O 3 1 mol Fe 2 O 3 x = 367 g Fe 2 O 3 Start with 124 g Alneed 367 g Fe 2 O 3 Have more Fe 2 O 3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent 3.9

26. Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that can be formed. g Almol Almol Al 2 O 3 g Al 2 O 3 124 g Al 1 mol Al 27.0 g Al x 1 mol Al 2 O 3 2 mol Al x 102. g Al 2 O 3 1 mol Al 2 O 3 x = 234 g Al 2 O 3 2Al + Fe 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 + 2Fe 3.9

27. Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagent reacted. Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction. % Yield = Actual Yield Theoretical Yield x 100 3.10