1. Economics – Exchange Systems Production, consumption, and exchange Sall-scale “moral economies” vs. Western economics –Reciprocity & redistribution vs. market exchange –Relationships & generosity vs. maximization & competition –Group solidarity & cooperation vs. individual gain

2. What is Exchanged? Material goods –Food, hxaro items, pigs Knowledge, information Symbolic goods –Myths, rituals, magic spells, styles Labor –Barn-raising, agricultural labor –‘Moral economy’ – trust, sharing Money –Shells, salt, cattle, furs, yams, coins People –Slaves –Marriage

3. Modes of Exchange Reciprocity Redistribution Market Exchange

4. Reciprocity Generalized –No expectation of immediate return –Sharing among foragers –Parents and children, charity –Moral code: generosity, love Balanced –Expect return in future –Creates obligations –Moral code: equivalence, equity Negative –Best deal –Cheating, theft –Moral code: hostility, taking advantage

5. Redistribution Collection by central authority Big man –Self made, lead by example –More egalitarian, less centralized –Melanesia, New Guinea –E.g. Kaoka, Kawelka (Ongka) –Moka –Prestige, obligations Chiefdom –Hierarchical –Inherited status –E.g. Kwakiutl –Potlatch

6. Kwakiutl Potlatch Sociopolitical functions –Politics –Allocation of resources –Resolve disputes –Alliances –Stability

7. Redistribution Mechanisms for distributing goods & services Prestige economies –Give away wealth  fame & status Reciprocity and redistribution –Moral economies Social obligations –Create social networks Moral code: obligation, support common good

8. Market Exchange Goods & services bought & sold Use of currency/money or barter Value determined by supply and demand Motivation –Economic vs. social Least personal Generates inequalities Moral code: self interest Land & labor become commodities –Use rights vs. private ownership –People sell their labor - Worker becomes commodity –Need redistribution in capitalist systems Informal sector