1. Control of Blood Glucose

2. Changes in glucose concentration What makes blood glucose concentration increase? What makes blood glucose concentration increase? Eating Eating What makes blood glucose concentration decrease? What makes blood glucose concentration decrease? Exercise Exercise Respiration Respiration

3. Detecting and responding to changes in blood glucose PANCREAS detects changes PANCREAS detects changes Then releases HORMONES Then releases HORMONES - INSULIN when there is high blood sugar - GLUCAGON when there is low blood sugar The disease in which the pancreas does not produce or the body does not respond to INSULIN is: The disease in which the pancreas does not produce or the body does not respond to INSULIN is: DIABETES DIABETES

4. We eat food containing carbohydrates

5. The carbohydrates are fully digested to glucose which is absorbed

6. Controlling Glucose The amount of glucose in our blood (“blood sugar level”) is controlled by the pancreas…

7. The pancreas detects the change in blood glucose concentration and releases the appropriate hormone

8. Controlling Glucose The amount of glucose in our blood is controlled by the hormones insulin and glucagon working with the PANCREAS: 80 - 100 mg of glucose/100cm³ of blood Glucose returns to normal ( 80 - 100 mg of glucose/100cm³ of blood ) Alpha cells of Β cell of

9. Summary

10. Control of Blood glucose levels over a day

11. What is diabetes? The body does not make or respond to insulin blood glucose levels may rise to a fatally high level The symptoms:

12. Types of Diabetes There are two types of diabetics - Type 1 (insulin dependent)/ Juvenile onset (10%) Degeneration of β cells = unable to produce insulin Must take insulin - Type 2 / Adult onset 90%) Decreased insulin production or decreased sensitivity to insulin Controlled with diet and drugs that stimulate the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to function Note: Gestational diabetes occurs in 2  4% of pregnancies

13. DIABETES No insulin means that cells can’t take in sugars No insulin means that cells can’t take in sugars Therefore no cellular respiration = lack of energy Therefore no cellular respiration = lack of energy Body turns to fat and protein metabolism Body turns to fat and protein metabolism Acetone produced as a result of fat metabolism and can be smelled on breath Acetone produced as a result of fat metabolism and can be smelled on breath Ketones produced as a result of protein metabolism (liver and kidney under strain because they have to detox and eliminate high amounts of protein byproducts) Ketones produced as a result of protein metabolism (liver and kidney under strain because they have to detox and eliminate high amounts of protein byproducts)

14. How can diabetes be treated? Insulin injectionsorcontrolled diet Frequent checking of blood glucose levels

15. What increases the risk of diabetes?

16. The discovery of Insulin Before 1921 diabetics only lived a year or two Before 1921 diabetics only lived a year or two Two Canadian scientists experimented on dogs Two Canadian scientists experimented on dogs They were Banting and Best They were Banting and Best

17. Sir Frederick Grant Banting (1891 - 1941) Canadian Physician/Surgeon 30 Years old in 1921 Won Nobel Prize for medicine in 1923 Charles Herbert Best (1899 - 1978) Canadian Science Student & Physiologist 22 Years old in 1921

18. Banting and Best’s Lab

19. Their research University of Toronto in Canada. University of Toronto in Canada. Experimented on dogs Experimented on dogs tied off ducts in the dog's pancreases tied off ducts in the dog's pancreases observed and isolated the internal secretions observed and isolated the internal secretions constant monitoring of blood sugars through blood and urine samples constant monitoring of blood sugars through blood and urine samples Imagine the difficulties of collecting urine samples from dogs! Imagine the difficulties of collecting urine samples from dogs! Isolated insulin and injected it into diabetic dogs (dogs with the pancreas removed) Isolated insulin and injected it into diabetic dogs (dogs with the pancreas removed)

20. The first human to be given insulin Leonard Thompson- Leonard Thompson- had been diagnosed in 1920 at the age of 11 had been diagnosed in 1920 at the age of 11 11th January 1922 at the Toronto General Hospital 11th January 1922 at the Toronto General Hospital He was near to death and already spending most of his time in bed He was near to death and already spending most of his time in bed Leonard agreed to be injected with the new 'insulin' drug and it saved his life. Leonard agreed to be injected with the new 'insulin' drug and it saved his life.