1. College Football Part I: The New “King” on Campus

2. College Football In the last decade of the 19 th century, football asserted itself as the king on college campuses throughout the US. Football evolved from an informal, student- controlled pastime into a ________________ _________________. Schools including: ________, _______, and ____.

3. College Football With the absence of a professional league (not created until 1920) football spread like wildfire across the country, forging regional styles of play and establishing important ________________. Critics condemned the game's growing __________and __________, and questioned its place in institutions of academic learning.

4. College Football These 2 institutions led the way and by the 1890’s college football looked remarkably different from the rugby-style game that first emerged in the 1870’s on these prestigious campuses. 1 - ____________ 2 - ____________

5. College Football’s Rules With the exception of the forward pass, which had still not been introduced, radical new rule changes established football as a distinctly American pastime. __________________ as opposed to four quarters, football _____________________ ________________ _________ __________ as measured by a continuous play clock. Teams consisted of ___________ on a side who often played both ________and ___________.

6. College Football’s Rules Substitutions limited to such an extent that if a player left the game he could ___________. Teams were to achieve __________in _______ _______. The field was _______________and end zones did not yet exist.

7. College Football’s Rules Touchdowns counted for only __________ instead of six, the kick after counted for ____ rather than one, and successful field goals earned a team __________.

8. College Football’s National Explosion Attracting huge crowds, often as big as 40,000 for games between the big-time eastern colleges, schools were forced into _______ _____________, erecting ______________ and __________________. The reason for this enormous growth can be explained in part by the development of the ______________.

9. College Football’s National Explosion Newspaper editors throughout the country viewed college football as a perfect way in which to fill the sports pages in the fall when ________ ________ and _________were out of season. With the absence of a professional league, college football became national-headline news. Successful __________were __________, ______ _ _______were _________, and __________ were _______________.

10. College Football Traditions Attracting higher public visibility and widespread acceptance, college football was transformed overnight into an important part of the __________________ _________________. As a result of extreme popularity, universities began establishing many important __________________. _____________________and ________were formed, __________were composed, and _____________and _________were chosen.

11. The tradition of ____________, which included ________, ________, and _________, was established. The annual __________________________rose to prominence in the 1890s. Viewed as the most important date on the social calendar, the event quickly became a grand spectacle for students, alumni, and the local communities. College Football Traditions

12. Violence and Brutality in Football On the field, a radical new rule change heightened the violence and brutality of the college game. In 1888 Yale University's football czar, _____________ (1859–1925), introduced a new rule that made it permissible to ____________the ball carrier ________ the ___________. As a result, colleges abandoned the more open running game in favor of a system of closed formations often referred to as “_______________________.”

13. Violence and Brutality in Football The heavy concentration of players attempting to move the ball the required five yards in three attempts often brought _____in contact with _________and heightened the prevalence of serious injuries.

14. Violence and Brutality in Football In 1892 Harvard University devised the most renowned mass-momentum play of the late nineteenth century, the “____________,” an offensive V-shaped formation that would protect the ball carrier and simultaneously deliver a severe blow to the players on the first line of defense.

15. Violence and Brutality in Football Even with abolition of the “_____________” and similar mass-momentum plays in 1894 following widespread public criticism, the game remained extremely dangerous. ___________, _____________, ___________, and sprains became routine occurrences as players collided at full speed __________the benefit of a _________or ___________. In some instances, the brutality of college football left some students ________or _________________.

16. Violence and Brutality in Football Early American hooliganism: The violence and brutality on the field often transferred to the stands as students from opposing schools often clashed in _________________. In some instances, fistfights and the brandishing of ____________ left fans severely injured or dead.

17. Violence and Brutality in Football With the growing violence, another major abuse in college football at the end of 19 th century was the prevalence of the “________” athlete. As universities sought to enhance their prestige through success on the football field, they frequently relaxed their matriculation requirements to such an extent that talented players were able to __________, star for the college team, and then ________either after a big game or at the end of a semester.

18. Violence and Brutality in Football Examples included, the University of Michigan fielded _______(out of the ______starters) who had neither enrolled in school nor attended any classes. Lured by the financial incentives offered by boosters and alumni eager to see their alma mater succeed, tramp athletes emerged throughout the country. The 30 for 30 episode, ‘The Pony Express’ - based on Southern Methodist University, depicts a modern day version of this.