1. Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

2. Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time Florida Benchmarks Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company SC.7.N.1.1 Define a problem from the seventh grade curriculum, use appropriate reference materials to support scientific understanding, plan and carry out scientific investigations of various types, such as systematic observations or experiments, identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data in charts, tables, and graphics, analyze information, make predictions, and defend conclusions.

3. Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time Florida Benchmarks Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company SC.7.N.1.5 Describe the methods used in the pursuit of a scientific explanation as seen in different fields of science such as biology, geology, and physics. SC.7.E.6.4 Explain and give examples of how physical evidence supports scientific theories that Earth has evolved over geologic time due to natural processes.

4. Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time Florida Benchmarks Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company LA.7.4.2.2 The student will record information (e.g., observations, notes, lists, charts, legends) related to a topic, including visual aids to organize and record information, as appropriate, and attribute sources of information.

5. Don’t forget our lesson goal! 1. How do we learn about Earth’s history?

6. Been There, Done That Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What is the principle of uniformitarianism?  The principle of uniformitarianism states that geological processes that happened in the past can be explained by current geologic processes. Most geologic change is slow and gradual, but sudden changes have also affected Earth’s history. Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

7. How do organisms become preserved as fossils?  Fossils are the traces or remains of organisms that lived long ago. Fossils form in many different ways.  Fossils can form when an organism’s tissues are petrified, or replaced by minerals. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

8. How do organisms become preserved as fossils? Fossils can form in amber, which is formed when hardened tree sap is buried and preserved in sediment. Fossils can be found in asphalt pools, where animals became trapped and preserved in thick, sticky tar pits. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

9. How do organisms become preserved as fossils? Fossils can be found buried in rock. This can happen if the organism is buried before it decays, and over time, the sediment hardens into a rock. In very cold places, fossils can also be frozen. Because low temperatures slow decay, frozen fossils are preserved for thousands of years. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

10. What are trace fossils?  A trace fossil is a fossilized structure that formed in sedimentary rock by animal activity on or in soft sediment. Trace fossils give evidence about how some animals behaved.  Trace fossils include tracks, burrows, and even animal dung. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

11. Time Is on Our Side Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What can fossils tell us?  The fossil record, made of all the fossils that have been discovered, shows part of the history of life on Earth.  The types of fossils preserved in a rock can tell scientists about how the environment changes over time.  Fossils can also tell scientists how life forms have changed over time. Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

12. How does sedimentary rock show Earth’s history? Sediment is deposited in layers that can become compacted and cemented together as sedimentary rock. Scientists study sedimentary rock to find evidence of the environment that the rock formed in. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

13. How does sedimentary rock show Earth’s history? The composition shows the source of the sediment that makes up a sedimentary rock. The texture, or size of the sediment making up a sedimentary rock, shows the environment in which the sediment was carried and deposited. Features, such as ripple marks and mud cracks, show the motion or stillness of the water where the sediment was deposited. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

14. What do Earth’s surface features tell us?  Earth’s surface is always changing.  Today’s continents were once part of a landmass called Pangaea.  Tectonic plate movement caused continents to move to their present locations.  The distribution of rocks, fossils, and mountains on Earth’s surface is evidence for plate motion. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

15. What do Earth’s surface features tell us? The movement of tectonic plates has resulted in extraordinary events, such as mountain ranges and volcanic eruptions. Other forces, such as weathering and erosion, act to break down Earth’s surface features. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

16. Back to the Future Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What other materials tell us about Earth’s climate history?  The climate of an area describes the weather conditions in the area over a long period of time. Scientists analyze fossils and other materials to learn how Earth’s climate has changed over time. Scientists can use the thickness of tree rings to learn about the climate during the life of a tree. Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time

17. What other materials tell us about Earth’s climate history? Sea floor sediments contain fossil remains of microscopic organisms that built up in layers. These microorganisms can give information about the climate at a certain time.  Scientists drill into icecaps to collect ice cores, long cylinders of ice. Ice cores give a history of the precipitation and concentration of gases in the atmosphere. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 7 Lesson 1 Geologic Change over Time