1. SUBJECT - SURVEYING PRACTICAL – I SUB.CODE - CE6311 Handle by, Dr.M. KANNAN Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engg, PITS.

2. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS All the students are instructed wear protective uniform and shoes before entering in to the lab. Before starting the exercise students should have a clear idea about the principles of that experiment. All students are advised to come with completed record and the observation of previous experiments, defaulters will not be allowed to do their experiments. Don’t operate any instrument without getting concern staff members prior permission. All instruments are costly. hence handle them carefully, to avoid fine for any breakage. Utmost care must be taken to avert any possible injury while on lab work. Incase anything occur immediately report to the staff members.

3. OBJECTIVES At the end of the course the student will posses knowledge about Survey field techniques

4. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. Study of chains and its accessories 2. Aligning, Ranging and Chaining 3. Chain Traversing 4. Compass Traversing 5. Plane table surveying: Radiation

5. CONT…. 6. Plane table surveying: Intersection 7. Plane table surveying: Traversing 8. Plane table surveying: Resection – Three point problem 9. Plane table surveying: Resection – Two point problem

6. CONT…. 10. Study of levels and leveling staff 11. Fly leveling using Dumpy level 12. Fly leveling using tilting level 13. Check leveling 14. LS and CS 15. Contouring 16. Study of theodolite

7. INSTRUMENTS IN CHAIN SURVEYING ChainCross staffPlumb bobRanging rodArrows

8. COMPASS SURVEY Utility of Compass in Survey : Very useful for mountain, forestry, geological and other types of survey works. The permanently mounted circular spirit level ensures easy and fast leveling. Ensures greater degree of accuracy.

9. INSTRUMENTS USED Dumpy Level with Tripod Cross Staff Dumpy Level Position to stand with Level staff

10. THEODOLITE

11. LIST OF EQUIPMENTS 1. Total Station 2. Theodolites 3. Dumpy level 4. Plain table 5. Pocket stereoscope 6. Ranging rods 7. Levelling staff 8. Cross staff 9. Chains 10. Tapes 11. Arrows

12. URL’S: www.surveyhistory.org wwwww.indiastudychannel.com w.compasssurveying.com en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_table www.whycos.org/fck_editor/.../Levelling_and_surveyin g.pdfwww.whycos.org/fck_editor/.../Levelling_and_surveyin g.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/.../core/.../elevatio n.html www.icmsurveysystems.com/surveying_techniques.htm

13. REFERENCES 1.James M. Anderson and Edward M. Mikhail, Surveying, Theory and Practice, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2001. 2.Bannister and S. Raymond, "Surveying", 7th Edition, Longman 2004. 3.Roy S.K., "Fundamentals of Surveying", 2nd Edition, Prentice ‟ Hall of India, 2004. 4.Arora K.R., Surveying Vol I & II, Standard Book house, 10th Edition 2008

14. 14 Measuring Distance The historical method for measuring distance is the surveying chain. –One of the first chains used in the U.S. was the Gunter’s chain. –The Gunter’s chain was a series of links attached to a handle which included an adjustment for wear. –The chain was 22 yards (66 ft) long. Modern chains are metal strips 100 feet long.

15. 15 Modern Chains  Modern surveying chains are three standard types.  Fully graduated  First foot (cut chain)  Extended foot (add chain)

16. 16 Reading Surveying Steel Chain The first step in reading a surveying chain is to determine the units that are used. Knowing that the chain is 100 feet long, having numbers from 0 to 100 indicates that each number is one foot of distance. Each foot has nine (9) lines (10 spaces), therefore each line represents 1/10 or 1/10 of a foot. The reading for this example is 98.6 ft.

17. 17 Reading A Cut Chain The first foot or cut chain gets its name from the fact that the whole foot reading at the head of the chain must be reduced “cut” by the partial foot. In this example the pin at the head is on 99 feet and the rear pin is on 0.4 feet. The distance is 99 - 0.4 or 98.6 feet.

18. 18 Reading An Add Chain The extended foot (add) chain gets its name because an additional foot is added to each end of the chain. The partial foot is added to the foot value at the head of the chain. In this example the head pin is on 99 feet an the rear pin is at 0.7 feet. The distance is 99 + 0.7 or 99.7 ft.

19. 19 Steel chain on holder 1.Hold holder vertical in the left hand. 2.Attach 100 foot end of the tape with the numbers up. 3.Wind tape up rotating the handle clockwise. 4.Remember to wipe tape with a dry cloth as it is wound onto the handle. To rewind chain on holder:

20. 20 Odometer Wheel Odometer wheels use different units on the odometers. Insure you know the measuring units before you start to use the wheel.

21. 21 Optical range finder One of two main types of range finders. The second type uses lasers. These are more popular today.

22. 22 Laser Tape The most popular type of range finder. Many different models. Many different features. Many different prices. (Precision)

23. 23 Multiple signals are used to determine partial cycles. Laser light and other signals travel at the speed of light. If you know speed and time, you can calculate distance. Principles of Laser Measuring

24. 24 Hand level This is the simplest type of hand level. It is useful for estimating slope & elevation changes. This instrument is called the Abney level. It can be used to measure slope, vertical angles and stadia distances.

25. 25 Stadia Distance Measuring distance by stadia requires the ability to read a surveying rod. The Philadelphia style rod measures to 1/100 (0.01) feet. Red numbers are whole feet. Black numbers are 1/10’s of a foot. Bars are 1/100’s of a foot.

26. 26 Rod with Target The use of a target improves the accuracy of the readings and increases the readable distance between the rod and the instrument. A rod with target can be used four ways. 1.Direct read 2.Indirect read 3.High rod 4.Extended rod

27. 27 Distance by stadia Top Stadia Cross hair Elevation Cross hair Bottom Stadia Cross hair What is the stadia distance for the illustration? 47 ft

28. 28 Dumpy (Wye) Level

29. 29 Leveling a four (4) legged instrument Left thumb rule

30. 30 Automatic Level Automatic levels get their name because one of the internal lenses is mounted on a pendulum. All the operator must do is get it close to level.

31. 31 Laser Level The one we use is non-visible, non-rotating. The primary options for survey quality laser levels are:  Visible or non-visible  Rotating or non-rotating

32. 32 Transit Transits are the most versatile instrument. They are also the most complicated. Most have been supplanted by total stations.

33. 33 Vernier scale Main scale reading What is the reading for this Vernier scale?26.5 o Line of coincident Mechanical instruments use Vernier scales to improve the precision of the instrument. The Vernier scale divides the last unit on the main scale into another set of fractional parts. The main scale is read at the zero (0) on the Vernier scale. The Vernier scale is read at the line of coincident.

34. 34 Double Vernier Scale The double Vernier uses the same steps. When reading a double Vernier you must determine which side of the Vernier should be read. This is determined by the direction of rotation of the instrument. [Note: the Vernier scale rotates] Clockwise rotation (right turned) = Left side Counter clockwise rotation (Left turned) = Right side

35. 35 Rocking the rod Rocking the rod should be used when a rod level is not available.

36. 36 Range pole Surveyors nail Plumb Bob Additional Equipment

37. ALL THE BEST Thank u