1. Solubility the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved

2. Solubility Solubility is a physical property. Dissolving is a physical change.

3. Solvent The solvent does the dissolving: –Water dissolves many substances so we call it the universal solvent. –When alcohol is used as the solvent, the resulting solution is called a tincture.

4. Solute The solute is what dissolves –Example: If you want to make iced tea, you need the sugar to dissolve in the water. –Sugar = SOLUTE –Water = SOLVENT Solvent + Solute = Solution

5. Making a solution –The solute enters the solvent and slowly breaks into pieces. –The molecules of the solvent move out of the way to make room for the solute. –The solute and solvent mix until the concentration is equal throughout the solution.

6. Solvent + Solute = Solution Types of Solutions: Solid Solvent + Solid Solute (gold jewelry) Solid Solvent + Liquid Solute (dental filling) Solid Solvent + Gas Solute (gas mask filter)

7. Solvent + Solute = Solution Liquid Solvent + Solid Solute (salt water) Liquid Solvent + Liquid Solute (rubbing alcohol) Liquid Solvent + Gas Solute (soda)

8. Solvent + Solute = Solution Gas Solvent + Solid Solute (smoke, air freshener) Gas Solvent + Liquid Solute (fog, humidity) Gas Solvent + Gas Solute (air)

9. Checkpoint Which of the following would be considered a solution? –A. 14k gold –B. Salt water –C. Carbonated water –D. All of the above

10. Checkpoint Which of the following would be considered a solution? –A. 14k gold –B. Salt water –C. Carbonated water –D. All of the above Answer: D. all of the above

11. Factors Affecting Solubility 1.The nature of the solute and solvent 200 grams of zinc chloride can dissolve in 100 grams of water but only 1 gram of lead chloride can dissolve in 100 grams of water

12. Factors Affecting Solubility 2. Temperature An increase in temperature increases the solubility of a solid solute.

13. Factors Affecting Solubility 2. Temperature For all gases, solubility decreases as the temperature rises. Why?

14. Factors Affecting Solubility 2. Temperature More heat = more kinetic energy (bouncing off each other)

15. Factors Affecting Solubility 3. Pressure Changes in pressure have no effect on the solubility of solids and liquids. For gases, an increase in pressure increases solubility and a decrease in pressure decreases solubility.

16. Solubility of Gases When the cap on a bottle of soda pop is removed, pressure is released, and the gas solute bubbles out. This escape of a gas from solution is called effervescence.

17. Checkpoint Why does soda go flat if you leave it out without a cap?

18. Checkpoint Why does soda go flat if you leave it out without a cap? Leaving the soda out without a cap means that there is less pressure in the system. Less pressure makes gases LESS soluble in a liquid.

19. How fast dissolving occurs depends on: 1. The size of the particles: Dissolving only takes place at the surface of each particle. When the total surface area is increased, the solute dissolves more rapidly. Breaking a solute into smaller pieces increases its surface area and its rate of solution.

20. How fast dissolving occurs depends on: 2. Stirring brings fresh portions of the solvent in contact with the solute, thereby increasing the rate of solubility. For gases, stirring decreases solubility because more bubbles can reach the surface to escape.

21. How fast dissolving occurs depends on: 3. The amount of solute already dissolved When there is little solute already in solution, dissolving takes place rapidly. As the solution approaches the point where no more can be dissolved, dissolving takes place more slowly.

22. How fast dissolving occurs depends on: 4. Temperature For liquids and solid, increasing the temperature increases the rate at which the solute will dissolve. For gases, the reverse is true. An increase in temperature decreases how fast dissolving occurs.

23. Making a supersaturated solution and creating a precipitate At 25 ⁰ C, only 5 g out of 100 g dissolve upon contact. Over time, 91 g become dissolved at this temperature, and the remaining 9 g rests at the bottom. When heated, all of the substance dissolves. Very slow cooling allows all of the substance to remain dissolved even though at this temperature this should not be possible. These solutions are unstable. Eventually, the excess comes out of solution and falls to the bottom.

24. This is one example of a bell jar. The completely sealed compartment can be pressurized or depressurized.