1. THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF SRI LANKA THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF SRI LANKA Thilanka Warnakulasooriya B.Com Special (Col), ACA, MBA Fin ( Col) POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS AND FINANCE - 2015/2016 Principles of Financial and Cost Accounting

2. LKAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors:

3. Scope Selecting & application of accounting policies The accounting treatment for changes in accounting policies & accounting estimates Correction & accounting for correction of errors occurred in previous periods. Definitions

4. What are Accounting Policies? These are: Specific principles; Bases; Conventions; Rules; Practices; These are applied in preparing and presenting financial statements.

5. Accounting policies are essential for a proper understanding of the information contained in the financial statements prepared by the management of an entity. An entity should clearly outline all significant accounting policies it has used in preparing the financial statements

6. Consistency of Accounting Policies Once selected, accounting policies must be applied consistently for similar transactions, other events, and conditions unless a Standard or Interpretation specifically otherwise requires or permits categorization of items for which different policies may be appropriate

7. Factors governing changes in Accounting Policies Once selected, an accounting policy may be changed only if the change Is required by a Standard or an Interpretation. Results in financial statements providing reliable and more relevant information.

8. Applying changes in Accounting Policies  Retrospective Application Retrospective application is applying a new accounting policy to transactions, events and conditions as if that policy had always been applied How to do? Restate the corresponding amounts presented in financial statements if the new policy had always been applied. Adjusted the retained earnings prior to the earliest period against the opening balance of retained earnings.

9. i.e. Cool Pvt Ltd changed its accounting policy in 2015 with respect to the valuation of inventories. Up to 2014, inventories were valued using a weighted-average cost (WAC) method. In 2015 the method was changed to first-in, first-out (FIFO), as it was considered to more accurately reflect the usage and flow of inventories in the economic cycle. The impact on inventory valuation was determined to be At March 31, 2013:an increase of 10,000 At March 31, 2014:an increase of 15,000 At March 31, 2015:an increase of 20,000 2014-152013-14 Revenue250,000200,000 Cost of sales100,00080,000 Gross profit150,000120,000 Administration costs60,00050,000 Selling and distribution costs25,00015,000 Net profit 65,000 55,000 The statements of comprehensive income prior to adjustment are Present the change in accounting policy in the Statement of Comprehensive Income and the Statement of Changes in Equity in accordance with the requirements of LKAS 8

10. Cool PVT Ltd STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Retained earnings columns only) For the Year Ended March 31, 2014 Retained earnings At April 1, 2013, 300,000 Net profit for the year 2013-14 55,000 At March 31, 2014 355,000 Net profit for the year 2014-15 65,000 At March 31, 2015 420,000

11. notes reference - page 6.9 11 Changes in Accounting Estimates As a result of the uncertainties inherent in the business activities many items in the FS cannot be measured with precision but only can be estimated. Examples -bad debt provisions -inventory obsolescence -useful life/ pattern of consumption of depreciable assets -warranty obligations -An Estimate need a revision, if a change occurs in the circumstances on which the estimate was made. Applied prospectively -in current (and future) periods

12. Machine original cost of 200,000 - estimated useful life 10 years, and residual value of nil. The annual straight-line depreciation charge will be 20,000 per annum and the carrying amount after three years will be 140,000. In year 4, as a result of changes in market conditions, the remaining useful life is estimated to be only three years; then the depreciation charge in that year (and in the next two years) will be 140,000/3 = 46,667. There should be no change to the depreciation charged for the past three years. The effect of the change (an increase in the annual depreciation charge from 20,000 to 46,667) in the current year, and the next two years, should be disclosed. Changes in Accounting Estimates (Prospective Adjustment!!)

13. Prior period errors Prior period error – an omission or misstatement in previously reported financial statements from failing to use/misuse of reliable information that ◦ Was available when F/S were authorized, and ◦ Could reasonably be expected to have been used in preparing those F/S e.g., arithmetic mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies, oversights, misrepresentation of facts, fraud

14. Prior period errors – accounting treatment  Retrospective Restatement This is the correction, identification, measurement and disclosure of amounts of elements of FS as if prior error had never occurred.  Restate comparatives  Adjust opening balance of assets, liabilities and equity (if necessary)  Disclose for each line item affected  i.e Refer Annexure