1. Fingerprints

2. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 2 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 2 You will understand: Why fingerprints are individual evidence. Why there may be no fingerprint evidence at a crime scene. How computers have made personal identification easier. Objectives

3. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 3 You will be able to: Define the three basic properties that allow individual identification by fingerprints. Obtain an inked, readable fingerprint for each finger. Recognize the general ridge patterns (loops, whorls, and arches). Identify friction ridge characteristics and compare two fingerprints with at least ten points of identification. Explain the differences among latent, plastic, and visible fingerprints. Develop latent prints (make them visible) using physical and chemical methods. Objectives, continued

4. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 4

5. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 5  Rolled Print  Placed Print Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 5 Scarred Fingerprint

6. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 6 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 6 Recording and classifying prints Rolling inked prints Loops, whorls, arches, ridge characteristics Primary identification number Lifting prints Black, white, and fluorescent powder Chemicals—ninhydrin, iodine, silver nitrate, cyanoacrylate Other types of prints Palm, lip, teeth, eye, ear, voice, shoeprints, and footprints

7. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 7 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 7 Dactyloscopy- (dac-ti-law-scopy) The Study of Fingerprints History from 1850 to 1900 William Herschel— required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints as a means of identifying prisoners Henry Faulds— claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification Alphonse Bertillon— proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry Francis Galton— developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches, and whorls Edward Richard Henry— in collaboration with Galton, instituted a numerical classification system Juan Vucetich— developed a fingerprint classification system based on Galton’s that is used in Spanish-speaking countries

8. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 8 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 8 Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints A fingerprint is an individual characteristic. A fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual’s lifetime. Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. Fingerprint Ridges

9. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 9 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 9 Ridge Characteristics Minutiae —characteristics of ridge patterns Ridge ending Island or short ridge Bridge Eye or enclosure Delta Bifurcation or fork Dot Spur Double bifurcation Trifurcation

10. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 10 Three classes of fingerprints and the percent of the population known to have these prints.  Arches 5% (Plain 4% & Tented 1%)  Loops 65% (Ulnar 60% & Radial 5%)  Whorls 30% (Plain ~ 20% & Central pocket ~ 10%) Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 10

11. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 11 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 11 Fingerprint Minutiae

12. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 12 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 12 Arch-They are found in about 5% of fingerprint patterns encountered. An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores. Types Plain Tented

13. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 13 Plain Arch Tented Arch Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 13

14. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 14 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 14 Loops are found in about ~65% of the fingerprint patterns encountered. A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta. Types Radial—opens toward the thumb Ulnar—opens toward the “pinky” (little finger) Which type of loop is this, if it is on the: Right hand?

15. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 15 Radial—opens toward the thumb  Ulnar—opens  toward the “pinky” (little finger) Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 15

16. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 16 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 16 Whorls are found in about 60-70% of the fingerprint patterns encountered. A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. A double loop is made of two loops. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories. Whorls have at least two deltas and a core. Types Plain Central pocket Double loop Accidental

17. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 17 PlainCentral pocketDouble loopAccidental They all have a circular pattern that resembles a hurricane. The plain whorl is almost a perfect circle that moves out on both sides. This is similar to the central pocket whorl which has a bigger opening on the bottom and a smaller on on the side. The double loop is just a loop that is twisted. The accidental moves in all directions that make it unique. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 17

18. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 18 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 18 LOOPWHORLARCH

19. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 19 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 19 Primary Classification The Henry-FBI Classification System Each finger is given a point value. rightleft

20. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 20 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 20 Primary Classification, continued Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: rightrightleftleftleft indexringthumbmiddlelittle+ 1 rightrightrightleftleft thumbmiddlelittleindexring+ 1 That number is your primary classification number. =

21. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 21 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 21 Comparison There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points required for a match. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity.

22. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 22 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 22 Latent Prints Latent fingerprints are those that are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist of the natural secretions of human skin and require development for them to become visible. Most secretions come from three glands: Eccrine —secretes largely water, with both inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions, phosphates) and organic (amino acids, lactic acids, urea, sugars) compounds. Most important for fingerprints. Apocrine —secretes pheromones and other organic materials. Sebaceous —secretes fatty or greasy substances.

23. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 23 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 23 Developing Latent Prints Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions, causing the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print. Powders —adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast with the background. Iodine —fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow-brown color.

24. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 24 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 24 Developing Latent Prints, continued Ninhydrin —reacts with amino acids to produce a purple color. Silver nitrate —reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material that turns gray when exposed to light.. Cyanoacrylate —“superglue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit. In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints. These were first used by the FBI in 1978. Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken.

25. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 25 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 25 Iodine Fingerprint

26. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 26 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 26 Ninhydrin Fingerprint

27. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 27 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 27 Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints

28. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 28 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 28 Other Prints Lips—several common patterns Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern

29. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 29 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 29 Other Prints, continued Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects

30. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 30 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 30 Other Prints, continued Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants.

31. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 31 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 31 Other Prints, continued A man has been convicted of suffocating an eldery woman on the basis of earprint evidence. The assailant was caught after police matched the inprint of his ear on the victim’s window. Police believe that the thief put his ear to the window to listen for signs of anyone home. Earprint catches murderer

32. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 32 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 32 Other Prints, continued Teeth —bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects. These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence.

33. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 33 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 33 Other Prints, continued The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes.

34. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 34 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 34 AFIS The Automated Fingerprint Identification System—a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints Established in the 1970s, AFIS enables law enforcement officials to: Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a crime scene By the 1990s, most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem: A person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS database but not in others. IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, which is a national database of all 10-print cards from all over the country

35. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 35 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 35 Biometrics Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. (The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry system.) Used today in conjunction with AFIS. Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand geometry. Other functions for biometrics: can be used to control entry or access to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services fraud.

36. Chapter 4 Fingerprints 36 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 36 More about Prints For additional information about prints and crime, check out truTV’s Crime Library: www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/fingerprints/1.html