2. Geography Geography – Italian Peninsula Apennine Mountains Apennine Mountains – run north to south Po River Po River Plains of Latium and Campania Plains of Latium and Campania

3. Climate Climate – Similar to southern California Dry, warm summers Dry, warm summers Mild, rainy winters Mild, rainy winters Grew grains, citrus fruits, grapes, and olives Grew grains, citrus fruits, grapes, and olives

4. – Rome on the Tiber River on the Tiber River seven hills seven hills spoke Latin spoke Latin Indo-European, like Greek Indo-European, like Greek influenced by the Greeks and the Etruscans influenced by the Greeks and the Etruscans

5. Rome Origin Legend Rome Origin Legend – Trojan War Troy hero, Aeneas fled after the war Troy hero, Aeneas fled after the war – Story is told in the epic poem Aeneid by Virgil Formed an alliance with the Latins Formed an alliance with the Latins Married a daughter of the Latin king Married a daughter of the Latin king

6. – Romulus and Remus Descendants of Aeneas Descendants of Aeneas – twins Were thrown into the Tiber River, but were rescued and raised by wolves until a shepherd adopted them Were thrown into the Tiber River, but were rescued and raised by wolves until a shepherd adopted them

7. Built a city where the wolf rescued them, but Romulus killed Remus Built a city where the wolf rescued them, but Romulus killed Remus That city was name Rome That city was name Rome – Romulus was the first king of Rome-753BC There were seven kings before the Etruscans took over There were seven kings before the Etruscans took over

8. Etruscans Etruscans – Spread into N. Italy – turned Rome from a village to a city – wore togas and short cloaks – Rome copied army tactics from the Etruscans – Built sewers and temples, gave the “Roman” alphabet and numerals to Rome

9. Early Rome’s Success Early Rome’s Success – Diplomacy fair, but firm – Military was strong and accomplished – Brilliant strategy – fortified cities and roads – Laws were practical

10. Rome Rising Rome Rising – Rome was at war for the next 200 years – took over Latium then all of southern Italy – A cruel king was overthrown by a rebellion and they created a new government

11. Roman Republic Roman Republic – Republic, people elect leaders to govern them Elected every year Elected every year – Not all got to vote Only wealthy and powerful Only wealthy and powerful

12. – Wars broke out Rome chose dictators to lead the city during the wars Rome chose dictators to lead the city during the wars Cincinnatus was a famous dictator Cincinnatus was a famous dictator – a farmer who was chosen to defeat an enemy – defeated the enemy and went immediately back to his farm

13. Roman Government Roman Government – Early Rome was divided into two groups Patricians Patricians – wealthy landowners and ruling class Plebeians Plebeians – poor landowners, craftsmen, farmers

14. Roman Government Roman Government – only patricians could hold office – Officers Consuls (2) and magistrates Consuls (2) and magistrates – elected every year – ran government and led armies – Acted as judges

15. Praetor Praetor – was in charge of civil law – Senate 300 patricians 300 patricians held the force and legislation of laws held the force and legislation of laws

16. – Plebeian Councils Assemblies Assemblies – One elected magistrates and consuls Tribunals Tribunals – One made up of elected officials that could veto (“I forbid” in Latin) actions by other officials

17. Checks and Balances Checks and Balances – Laws proposed by the Senate had to be approved by the magistrates Then had to be ratified by the Plebeian Councils Then had to be ratified by the Plebeian Councils

18. Rome Divided Rome Divided – Patricians and Plebeians could not marry each other – Plebeians resented the Patrician class because they could hold office and were rich wanted political and social equality wanted political and social equality eventually Plebeians were able to become consuls eventually Plebeians were able to become consuls

19. Rome as “One” Rome as “One” – There was no democracy however – Some plebeians became part of the aristocracy – The aristocracy ruled the early republic

20. The Gift of Rome The Gift of Rome – codified law displayed in the Forum – first was the Twelve Tables then the Law of Nations then the Law of Nations – established a standard of justice for everyone – innocent until proven guilty – looking at evidence before determination

21. Punic Wars Punic Wars – against Carthaginian Empire – The empire included the coast of N. Africa, S. Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, and W. Sicily First Punic War First Punic War – Rome attacked W. Sicily – Rome built a navy and won the war

22. – Later, Rome persuaded a Carthaginian colony in Spain to revolt Second Punic War Second Punic War – Hannibal, the greatest Carthaginian general, invaded Spain – headed toward Rome – 12 years later, Rome retook its lost land

23. – Rome then decided to invade Carthage – Rome crushed Hannibal and gained Spain for its territory Third Punic War Third Punic War – literally destroyed the city of Carthage – all men, women and children sold into slavery – Carthage territory became Africa

24. Other Wars Other Wars – took Macedonia – then Greece – then Pergamum (in East Turkey/Asia Minor)

25. Crisis Crisis – Rich and poor did not trust each other; violent rebellion was feared – Tribunes named Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus worked to create farms for poor Romans The rich and powerful didn’t like this and both were eventually killed The rich and powerful didn’t like this and both were eventually killed

26. – Marius Got the poor to join the army when before they could not Got the poor to join the army when before they could not – This gave Marius a lot of power Consul Lucius Sulla rebelled against Marius causing a civil war Consul Lucius Sulla rebelled against Marius causing a civil war – Marius was defeated and Sulla made dictator

27. – Spartacus Thousands of slaves, led by Spartacus rose up, rebelled, and demanded freedom Thousands of slaves, led by Spartacus rose up, rebelled, and demanded freedom He was killed in battle He was killed in battle – The slaves were defeated and 6000 were executed