1. Fig. 9-1

2. Are you the “slow-twitch” or “fast-twitch”? Barbara Radcliffe 2:15:25 London 2003 2009 World Championships Berlin, Germany Usain Bolt 9.58

4. Fast twitch muscle slow twitch muscle Less myoglobin Less mitochondria More myoglobin More mitochondria

5. What makes these muscle fibers different? The process for making ATP varies Slow fibers do it aerobically (O 2 ) Fast fibers w/o O 2 (anaerobic) # of mitochondrion vary, amt. of myoglobin

6. Efficiency of Cellular Respiration 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule 40% of energy from glucose is harvested 60% heat 1 muscle cell spends/regenerates 10 million ATP/sec

7. Fig. 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO 2 + H 2 O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O 2 ATP powers most cellular work Heat energy ATP

8. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy Energy = (ATP + heat) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

10. Fig. 9-UN2 becomes oxidized becomes reduced

11. Fig. 9-UN1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron)

12. Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration During cellular respiration, the fuel (such as glucose) is oxidized and becomes CO 2, and O 2 is reduced forming H 2 O: Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

13. Fig. 9-UN3 becomes oxidized becomes reduced

14. The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview Cellular respiration has three stages: – Glycolysis (breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate) – The citric acid cycle (completes the breakdown of glucose) or Krebs Cycle – Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis) or ETC Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15. Glucose + oxygen GlycolysisKrebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon dioxide + water

17. Fig. 9-6-3 Mitochondrion Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Cytosol Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis Electrons carried via NADH Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2 Oxidative phosphorylation ATP Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis

18. Concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate Glycolysis (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases: – Energy investment phase – Energy payoff phase Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

19. Fig. 9-11 Pyruvate NAD + NADH + H + Acetyl CoA CO 2 CoA Citric acid cycle FADH 2 FAD CO 2 2 3 3 NAD + + 3 H + ADP +P i ATP NADH

20. Fig. 9-13 NADH NAD + 2 FADH 2 2 FAD Multiprotein complexes FAD FeS FMN FeS Q  Cyt b   Cyt c 1 Cyt c Cyt a Cyt a 3 IVIV Free energy (G) relative to O 2 (kcal/mol) 50 40 30 20 10 2 (from NADH or FADH 2 ) 0 2 H + + 1 / 2 O2O2 H2OH2O e–e– e–e– e–e–

21. Fig. 9-14 INTERMEMBRANE SPACE Rotor H+H+ Stator Internal rod Cata- lytic knob ADP + P ATP i MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX

22. Fig. 9-16 Protein complex of electron carriers H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Cyt c Q    VV FADH 2 FAD NAD + NADH (carrying electrons from food) Electron transport chain 2 H + + 1 / 2 O 2 H2OH2O ADP + P i Chemiosmosis Oxidative phosphorylation H+H+ H+H+ ATP synthase ATP 21

23. In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO 2 Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking Animation: Fermentation Overview Animation: Fermentation Overview Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings