1. november ’11 istanbul / turkey p e l I n d u r s u n g ü l s ü n s a g l a m e r i t u f a c u l t y o f a r c h i t e c t u r e Need for New Approaches in Housing Research and Doctoral Programs

2. introduction... As a result of the rapidly evolving social, economic and demographic changes in Turkey, housing has and will continue to be, an important issue that must be carefully evaluated. housing projects built after the foundation of the Turkish Republic; changing typologies under the effect of westernization; squatter housing in the metropolis under the rapid urbanization in 1950s; mass production in 1980s and after; luxury residences and gated housing communities in 2000s.

3. urban restructuring-urban housing... Since 1950s, migration from rural to urban settlements has increased significantly, making the issue of housing a national priority. Squatter houses were constructed without any permission or building legislation and served to drastically change the character of the city. 1950s low income groups squatter houses

4. demographic changes in turkey... 192713 648 2703 305 87910 342 39124.2275.78 194518 790 1744 687 10214 103 07224.9475.06 195020 947 1885 244 33715 702 85125.0474.96 195524 064 7636 927 34317 137 42028.7971.21 196027 754 8208 859 73118 895 08931.9268.08 196531 391 42110 805 81720 585 60434.4265.58 197035 605 17613 691 10121 914 07538.4561.55 197540 347 71916 869 06823 478 65141.8158.19 198044 736 95719 645 00725 091 95043.9156.09 198550 664 45826 865 75723 798 70153.0346.97 199056 473 03533 326 35123 146 68459.0140.99 200067 803 92744 006 27423 797 65364.9035.10 yeartotalcityvillagecity %village % The difference between urban and rural population growth is a result of industrialization and its impact on rapid urbanization. According to recent census reports, the population of Turkey has reached 73,722 million in 2010. Over 76.3% of Turkey’s total population resides in urban settlements. p o p u l a t I o n

5. urban restructuring-urban housing... 1999 Golcuk Earthquake has been the driving force to build new residential units with new earthquake construction regulations. Starting from 2000s the educated and elite city dwellers are inclined to move away from their existing houses. The demand is to reside in secure, luxurious housing environments with neighbors similar to their user profiles. from the open, heterogeneous towns towards more closed, homogenous housing environments 2000s high income groups luxury houses / new apartments gated housing communities

6. urban restructuring-urban housing... Housing Development Administration of Turkey (TOKI), which aims to construct low-cost housing units with long term debit system, has become the biggest real estate actor in Turkey. Between 2003 and 2010, TOKI has cooperated with regional and local authorities and Emlak Bank to build a total of 505.694 homes in 81 cities and 800 municipalities. 2000s lower and middle income groups Toki houses

7. about study... i t ü Since its establishment in 1949, the ITU Faculty of Architecture has maintained a tradition of excellence and leadership in architectural education and, in particular, research in housing in Turkey. The aim of the study is to provide a database on housing research at the PhD level in ITU Faculty of Architecture and to map and visualize the research repertoire of the institution in the area of housing. We believe that the final figure will be valuable to evaluate the potential of the institution and to reveal inadequate fields in which research must be carried out by offering alternative perspectives for future studies on housing in Turkey.

8. housing studies in ITU... housing panels The institution has hosted many national and international meetings and conferences. National housing panels in 1960s were important milestones in the history of housing research at ITU, providing early platforms for discussion on housing and creating opportunities to bring different experts and actors from related disciplines. p1 ______ p2 ______ p3 ______ p4 ______

9. housing studies in ITU... AD / housing master degree program In 1969 ITU had realized extensive reforms and converted its continental 5 year Diplom.Arch. and Diplom.Eng. programs into 4+2 Bachelors and Master degree two cycle system. 1974-75 academic year, 4 main branches: architectural design, building technology, urban planning and restoration. The housing program was placed in the field of architectural design together with the program of design theory and methods in architecture, industrial building design and architectural programming. modules / courses

10. housing studies in ITU... research links / The Training and Research Project of Med Campus Housing Network: “Housing for Low Income Group” was an EU funded project coordinated by the ITU in 1995. Results of this research project were presented in one of Habitat II workshops with the title of “Housing for Low Income Groups” in 1996. The ITU Housing Research Unit was established in 1998 in cooperation with TUBITAK. ITU Housing Research Unit was converted into ITU Housing Research and Education Center in 2003. ITU HREC launched a MArch program on “Housing and Earthquake” during the 2001-2002 academic year. ITU Housing Research and Education Centre habitat istanbul workshops

11. faculty background...

12. methodology of the study... PhD theses on housing between 1961 and 2010 are investigated according to different aspects of the subject area: year, program, field of interest, scope and scale. PhD theses are grouped under three main topics: typology, research method / scope of the study, scale. The general scope of the research has three streamlines: space, technology and policy.

13. findings... Based on available numerical data related to PhD studies in ITU Faculty Architecture between 1961 and 2010, of the total number of 476 PhD theses completed, approximately 106 focus on housing as the central research theme. Distribution of PhD Thesis on Housing Associated with Programs and Years (1961-2010) AD: architectural design, BS: Building Science, AH: Architectural History, RT: Restoration, UP: Urban Planning

14. findings... Distribution of PhD Thesis in Terms of Housing Typologies Relations between Housing Typology and Scope of the Work Analyses indicate that the studies have been mostly explored along the theme of space. Space is followed by technology and policy. s: space, t: technology, p: policy, s/t: space- technology, s/p: space-policy, t/p: technology-policy, s/t/p: space- technology-policy

15. findings... space as research area In most of the theses, ”space” theme is defined in terms of function and organization, use, typology and activity (35 cases). Space is also investigated in terms of culture and home environment focusing on physical and social characteristics in 33, 29 cases respectively.

16. findings... technology as research area In most of the PhD theses “technology” theme is searched in terms of structure and building components (12 cases). Technology is also investigated in terms of construction system in 9 cases. policy as research area In most of the PhD theses “policy” theme is investigated in terms of rules, procedures and politics (16 cases). In 6 cases the works focuses on financial issues.

17. findings... technology as research area In most of the PhD theses “technology” theme is searched in terms of structure and building components (12 cases). Technology is also investigated in terms of construction system in 9 cases. policy as research area In most of the PhD theses “policy” theme is investigated in terms of rules, procedures and politics (16 cases). In 6 cases the works focuses on financial issues

18. findings... housing typology / scale Statistical data proves that most of the works are explored in building scale (in 85 cases). 39 cases are analyzed based on settlement scale and 19 cases reflect a combination of building and settlement scale.

19. conclusion... PhD studies have created an extensive and comprehensive database on housing issues. Accumulation of this knowledge has made significant contributions to under graduate programs in the university and the country. This knowledge and expertise has created opportunities to train researchers on the field, making remarkable contribution to the practice and construction sector. Throughout the years, academics and PhD students have made contributions to the housing research field by their publications and presentations at national and international platforms, and, consequently, the Faculty of Architecture has been one of the leading institution in this area of research. Experienced academics in this field have been serving as consultants to decision makers at the local and national level. Wide diversity of these doctoral studies created a wide spectrum to housing studies in the faculty and encourages researchers to deal with different aspects of housing research in their studies. Majority of these studies focused on existing/traditional or non-traditional built environment and are descriptive in their nature. They try to externalize the existing structures and mechanisms behind the built form. This information can be utilized for educating new designers in this field.

20. conclusion... Some of the research activities carried out in these studies focus on theoretical issues which do not have direct link to the implementation phase of housing production. Since housing for low income groups and housing after disaster have been still important issues in the country’s agenda, there is a strong need to establish a close link between practice and research. For this both sides should have a new mind set. These theoretical works have not created expected number of publications as the main focus for dissemination has been the conference papers at ITU for a long time. Most of the research activities are blue sky research / curiosity based activities at ITU, therefore they are bottom up initiatives. This does not give opportunity to structure these efforts on certain areas and create tangible solutions for industry of architectural practice. ITU has to use its potential in housing research to create new Doctoral Programs on Housing together with the Turkish Construction industry which is one of the leading sector in the growing economy of the country and has a good reputation at international level. There is also strong need for future oriented creative and innovative research projects on housing in order to strength the role of universities in shaping the future urban areas in Turkey.