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Unit Operation Lab K S Chou Ch E, N T H U 1
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A: Fluid Flow Experiments A1 - Friction Coefficient in Tubes A2 - Flowmeters Types of flowing fluid: gas, liquid, solid, bubbled liquid, slurry, gas-solid (fluidization), solid-liquid-gas system; Fluid flow: transportation friction coefficient, viscosity, pressure drop, power required for transportation, choice of pumps, choice of tubes; 2
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3 Fermentation reactor: one example of solid- liquid-gas system
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Friction Coefficient Bernoulli eq. (incompressible fluid, steady state condition) Pa/ + g Za/gc + a Va2/2gc = Pb/ + g Zb/gc + b Vb2/gc + hf pressure energy + potential energy + kinetic energy + frictional loss = total energy simplest case: pressure drop = frictional loss (Pa – Pb)/ρ = hf 4
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fD = 4 fF = 4 Fw/(A K) where fD = Darcy’s friction factor; fF = Fanning friction factor; Fw = friction force; A = area of flow; K = kinetic energy/vol; Taking circular tube as example: fF = (-ΔP g D) / (2 ΔL ρV2)…. Get data on the right hand side to calculate friction factor In general: f = f(e/D, Re) e = surface roughness of tube wall; Re = d u ρ/ ; changes in both velocity and viscosity would change Re For laminar flow: fD = 4 fF = 64/Re For turbulent flow: (depending on smoothness of tube) ex. smooth tube 1/√fF = 4.06 log (Re √fF) + 2.16 5
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For sudden or gradual change in diameter: (expansion/ contraction): vortex formation cause energy loss One special example: hf = Ke Va2/2gc, with Ke = (1- Aa/Ab)2; e: expansion 6
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fittings: splits, bend, elbow, U-tube, flanges, valves, etc different loss due to different designs empirical correlations are used mostly General expression hf = Kf Va2/2 gc, with Kf as an empirical friction coefficient Total friction loss = friction in straight tube + due to contraction + due to expansion + due to various fittings for this experiment 7
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10 Various Flowmeters orifice meter, Venturi meter, rotameter, etc. discharge coefficient = f(Re); for orifice meter: Vo = Co √(2 gc P/ ) 圖 A2-2 銳孔流量計之流出係數與 Re 關係。 其測 壓點屬 corner tap
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11 Venturi flowmeter and its discharge coefficient Vo= Cv/√(1- 4) √(2 g (ΔP/ ) = (d/D)
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13 Pictures from Google to show different design of rotameter
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14 Other Types of Flowmeters Magnetic flowmeter: used for dirty fluids or slurry, such as waste water; no moving part; based on Faraday principle: voltage generated E ~ V * B (magnetic field strength) * D (length of conductor) Taken from: Omega Engineering Technical Reference
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15 Ultrasonic Flow Meter non-invasive; two types: Doppler type (frequency shift ~ velocity) and transit time type ( t ~ velocity) taken from Flow meter directory
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