1. Solar System Differentiation
Planetary Differentiation
Radiometric Dating
Solar System Motions

2. Solar System Differentiation

3. Solar System Differentiation
All of the heavy elements are born in a supernova.

4. Solar System Differentiation

5. Solar System Differentiation
Inner Solar System is HOT
Light elements (H, He) and “ices” vaporized
Blown out of the inner Solar System by solar wind
Only heavy elements (Fe, Ni) are left
Outer Solar System is COLD
Too cold to evaporate ices to space
Rock and ice “seeds” grew large enough to attract gasses (H, He)

6. Planetary Differentiation

7. Planetary Differentiation

8. Planetary Differentiation
As the planets cooled the layers settled out according to density.

9. Planetary Differentiation
Chondrites, a type of meteorite, do not show this differentiation.

10. Meteorites

11. Planetary Differentiation
The gravitational force of the inner planets is too weak to hold on the lighter elements like H and He. (THINK about a Helium balloon.)

12. Radiometric Dating Abbreviations: P = Protons. N = Neutrons
Radiometric Dating Abbreviations: P = Protons N = Neutrons e- = Electrons

13. Radiometric Dating
Absolute Age – the numeric age of an object or event Radiometric Dating – a method of determining the absolute age of an object by comparing the relative percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope

14. Radiometric Dating Label the atom
Inside the nucleus of an atom are P and N
The # of P in the nucleus determines what the element is (for example Carbon always has 6 P)
Label the atom

15. Radiometric Dating The # of N can vary.
Atoms of the same element that have different # of N are called isotopes.

16. Radiometric Dating
P = Protons N = Neutrons e- = Electrons If you change the # of P  you change the atom itself. If you change the # of N  you create an isotope. If you change the # of e-  you create an ion (charged atom).

17. Radiometric Dating
All elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 are radioisotopes meaning that these elements have unstable nuclei and are radioactive. 

18. Radiometric Dating Radioactive Decay
The unstable (radioactive) isotopes decays to form a new (daughter) isotope.
Decays at a constant
rate.

19. Radiometric Dating Types of Radioactive Decay Alpha Decay Beta Decay
Gamma Rays

20. Radiometric Dating Half Life
The time required for half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to break down by radioactive decay to form a
daughter Isotope.
Compare relative
percentages of the
parent and daughter
isotopes to get the age.

21. Radiometric Dating Radioactive Isotopes
Used to determine the age of the earth
Uranium-238, or 238U
Daughter, lead-206
Half-life 4.5 billion years
Potassium-40, or 40K,
Argon-40
Half-life of 1.25 billion years

22. Radiometric Dating Zircons
Zircons are volcanic crystals that contain the radioactive element uranium, which are called “ geologic clocks” because uranium converts to the element lead at a specific rate over a long span of time.

24. Planetary Motions
Kepler’s came up with three laws of planetary motion based on Tycho Brahe’s observations of the night sky.

25. Planetary Motions Kepler’s 1st Law - The Law of the Ellipses
The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus.
A path connecting the two foci to the ellipse always has the same length.

26. Planetary Motions Kepler’s 2nd Law - The Law of Equal Areas
The line joining a planet and the sun sweeps equal areas in equal time. Dt
The planet moves slowly here. Dt
The planet moves quickly here.

27. Planetary Motions Kepler’s 3rd Law - The Law of Periods
Compares the orbital period and radius of an orbit of a planet to those of other planets.

28. Kepler Space Telescope
Kepler Space Telescope Reporting:
Confirmed Planets = 136
Unconfirmed Planets = 3,548
Planets within the habitable zone = 272

29. 50 years of exploration
Published by National Geographic

30. Voyager 1 Beginning with http://goldenrecord.org/

31. Back to the Facts http://youtu.be/uhcKaFQD7l0
Venus spins the wrong way ??????
Uranus rains diamonds ??????

32. Venus
New theory: suggests that Venus may not have flipped at all… instead its rotation slowed to a standstill and then reversed direction. Taking into account other factors … tidal effects from other planets, etc … Venus's axis could have shifted due to a variety of positions throughout the planet's evolution.

33. Uranus
Uranus contains methane … which can turn into diamond at high temperatures and pressures. Allowing diamonds to fall like raindrops or hailstones …

35. Movie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_3PFfMdZ9c Want to learn more:
Movie:
Want to learn more:
Planet Poetry: