1. Tutorial - Design and Implementation of Clinical Databases with openEHR Pablo Pazos Gutiérrez, Koray Atalag, Luis Marco- Ruiz, Erik Sundvall, Sérgio Miranda Freire

2. 2 Foundations Modern Clinical Databases need to... –handle many types of information, –lost of different data structures, –be flexible and generic, –consistent, standardized, future-proof (evolution) CDBs are difficult to design! –design is 10% about storing data, 90% about querying, retieve and using data To achieve a good design we need to have: –deep knowledge of clinical record structures –apply good practices, standards and support generic requirements –knowledge about different technologies / solutions

3. 3 Agenda Clinical Information Requirements Clinical Information Organization Database Technologies & Features openEHR –goals, information model, knowledge model, data store & query, versioning & audit openEHR Data Storage Techniques –Relational + ORM –Hybrid Data Querying

4. Clinical Information Requirements Storing & Accessing Data

5. 5 Minimal Information Set (ISO 18308) Related to storage: from the user point of view –Patient history –Physical examination –Psychological, social, environmental, family and self care information –Allergies and other therapeutic precautions –Preventative and wellness measures such as vaccinations and lifestyle interventions –Diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions such as medications and procedures –Clinical observations, interpretations, decisions and clinical reasoning –Requests/Orders for further investigations, treatments or discharge –Problems, diagnoses, issues, conditions, preferences and expectations –Healthcare plans, health and functional status, and health summaries –Disclosures and consents –Suppliers, model and manufacturer of devices (e.g. implants or prostheses) Internally we want more generic information elements –especially on our database designs

6. 6 Several ways of accessing clinical data Related to clinical data querying for clinical usage (patient level): –Chronological (e.g. to sort medical consultations) –Problem-Oriented (access data by condition or disease) Health records are associated to a health problem Each problem evolves until it is solved/inactivated if it is not chronic –By medical specialty (e.g. cardiology) –By department, sector, unit or service (e.g. emergency, ICU,...) –Episode One or many contacts / visits on different dates May include hospitalizations Associated with a health problem (e.g. asthma attack) –Access to individual documents or data points e.g. all the blood pressure measures for a patient There is also Public Health and Epidemiology (population level) –we had a tutorial about that yesterday: “Enabling Clinical Data Reuse with openEHR Data Warehouse Environments”

7. 7 Infrastructure Requirements Related to user experience and quality –Be aware of the CAP theorem! Scalability (grow maintaining service level) High availability (% operational time) Transactionality (all or nothing) –Performance (run forest, run!) –Concurrency (we all want that resource) –Audit (what, when, who, where, why,...) –Encryption (data at rest) –Version management (history of changes) –... We want all! –We might need to use different technologies

8. 8 Agenda Clinical Information Requirements Clinical Information Organization Database Technologies & Features openEHR –goals, information model, knowledge model, data store & query, versioning & audit openEHR Data Storage Techniques –Relational + ORM –Hybrid Data Querying

9. 9 Clinical Information Organization Clinical records & information are highly hierarchical paper based or electronic

10. 10 Clinical Information Organization Clinical records & information are highly hierarchical

11. 11 Agenda Clinical Information Requirements Clinical Information Organization Database Technologies & Features openEHR –goals, information model, knowledge model, data store & query, versioning & audit openEHR Data Storage Techniques –Relational + ORM –Hybrid Data Querying

12. 12 DBs for different kinds of usage operative / transactional databases (OLTP) –read/write oriented –support business processes, small historical data querying databases –read oriented –read-only data, might be in memory document database –audit, versioning, electronic signature (authenticity, incorruptibility) analysis database –read oriented –might need ETL –data linking + data mining + statistical analysis + prediction techniques (trends) datawarehouse database –ETL from many data sources –batch calculations of indicators over loads of historical data

13. 13 Databases and Data Structures DBMSRelationalXMLJSONKey/ValueGraph MySQL nativepartialin developmentcan be modeled Postgres nativecomplete hstore extension Oracle nativecomplete NoSQL edition SQLServer nativecompletein developmentcan be modeled eXistDB nonativeoutputmap MongoDB no nativeJSON CouchDB / Couchbase no nativeJSON Neo4j can be modeled native Riak no store and getnativeno

14. Which to choose? relational, documental, key/value, graph, object,..., and which brand?

15. Consider many use cases can be met efficiently by relational databases, but each project is different, and there is no one-fits-all solution We are not worried about performance just yet, we’ll focus on how to design Clinical Databases with openEHR first!

16. 16 First approach The choice depends on the context –use cases, estimated # of operations / # of records, organizational knowledge,... For the operative / transactional DB lets go with a relational database: –MySQL, Postgres, Oracle, SQLServer, … –NOT a recommendation: just focusing on one option to understand some common clinical database design concepts applicable on other technologies.

17. 17 First approach Loads of reads? Complex queries and JOINs? Low performance? –try relational for writes + documental for reads Needs ETL: relational => doc (JSON,XML) –you can denormalize the relational DB, and/or –use documental capabilities of some RDBs (e.g. Postgres supports XML & JSON) –made good use of indexes –analyze query plans (Posrgres / MySQL EXPLAIN query) Most systems wont have problems with any of these options –there is always a way to optimize things!

18. 18 Also, we have transformations between models When we need to –migrate to another technology (e.g. from RDBs to Doc) –integrate different technologies (hybrid solution)

19. 19 We can: XML  (canonical xform)  JSON Signos vitales openEHR-EHR-COMPOSITION.signos.v1 Signos-Vitales 1.0.2 ISO_639-1 es ISO_3166-1 UY...... { "data": { "@xsi:type": "COMPOSITION", "@archetype_node_id": "openEHR-EHR-COMPOSITION.signos.v1", "name": { "value": "Signos vitales" }, "archetype_details": { "archetype_id": { "value": "openEHR-EHR-COMPOSITION.signos.v1" }, "template_id": { "value": "Signos-Vitales" }, "rm_version": "1.0.2" }, "language": { "terminology_id": { "value": "ISO_639-1" } }, "territory": { "terminology_id": { "value": "ISO_3166-1" } }, "category": {... } openEHR XMLJSON equivalent

20. 20 Non-RDB-based approaches? XML: BaseX, Sedna, eXist,... JSON: Couchbase, CouchDB, MongoDB,... Often suitable if your client side GUI primarily wants XML or JSON documents/chunks (avoids conversion needs) …or if you go all-in-javascript on server+client? Auto-translating AQL to hierarchy-friendly query languages (e.g. Xquery, N1QL, Sparql, SQL++?) is often straightforward. –Consider using a parser generator. XML databases fast for transactional (clinical?), but often slow for population-wide (epidemiology?) queries. Solutions such as Couchbase can be very fast for both, after specific indexing is done (example on next slide). Very little is published regarding graph/network databases (Neo4J etc) and object databases for openEHR usage. Please test and publish!

21. 21 Scaling? Size & Performance tests, 4.2M patients Please note: All DBs work fine/fast for ”clinical” patient-specific queries, the graph shows population-queries the RDB, here used as source and reference, is an epidemiology-optimised non-openEHR-based reference that we try to match in end-user speed (not size). The XML/JSON based DB-examples have the flexibility of openEHR to add new archetypes etc. without manually reworking the DB schema etc, the RDMBs reference example does not have that flexibility. 21 Source: Yet unpublished results, working title: Comparing the Performance of NoSQL Approaches for Storing and Retrieving Archetype-Based Electronic Health Record Data. Authors: Sergio M Freire, Douglas Teodoro, Fang Wei-Kleiner, Erik Sundvall, Daniel Karlsson, Patrick Lambrix More about the test data and some of the setup is already published in http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/070/009/ecp1270009.pdfhttp://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/070/009/ecp1270009.pdf TypeDatabases Size in GB sus42ksus420ksus4200k RDB MySQL reference 0.090.433.6 XML files 1.3813.8137.9 JSON files 0.838.382.9 XML DB BaseX 1.211.9- eXist 3.3-- Berkeley 3.8-- JSON DBCouchbase 0.212.121

22. 22 Agenda Clinical Information Requirements Clinical Information Organization Database Technologies & Features openEHR –goals, information model, knowledge model, data store & query, versioning & audit openEHR Data Storage Techniques –Relational + ORM –Hybrid Data Querying

23. 23 Open Standard to create really flexible, future-proof (maintainable in the long term at large scale with low cost), interoperable EHRs. –Defines an Infostructure! Created, maintained, tested, validated and implemented by an international community of professionals. The community provides Modeling Tools and Open Source Reference Implementations in many technologies (Java, Eiffel,.Net, Ruby, Python). Key elements: –technological independence –multi-level models, clean and complete information, clinical concepts, terminology bindings, querying, services,... –formal methodology for knowledge management –open & free access to specifications a-la W3C / IETF (enabled the implementation of the Internet and the Web) Please join us! –openEHR Foundation: http://openehr.org/community/mailinglists –openEHR en español: http://openehr.org.eshttp://openehr.org.es

24. Information Model Our Clincal DB Design will be based on this!

25. 25 Information Model Clinical records & information are highly hierarchical

26. 26 Record Entries Different types of entries a clinical document can have Clinical records are highly hierarchical!

27. 27 Data Types (simplified)

28. 28 Demographic Model

29. Specifying Clinical Records: Key Points for Clinical Database Design for openEHR data

30. 30

31. 31 Archetypes & ADL Represent clinical concepts by constraints over a generic Information Model –defined in Archetype Definition Language –globally valid, multi-language Important elements for DB design and implementation! –multi-axial identifier openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.blood_pressure.v1 –node identifier atNNNN –node path (e.g. path to systolic BP) /data[at0001]/events[at0006]/data[at0003]/items[at0004]/value archetype id + path –unique semantic identifier –will use them in our databases! Need archetypes, no problem: http://ckm.openehr.org/http://ckm.openehr.org/

32. 32 Operational Templates (OPT) "Big archetypes" –Combine archetypes to represent clinical documents –Allows to add more constraints –Defined in XML Use for specific contexts –one language –locally valid (organization, federation, national) Used by EHR/EMR software directly –for validating data –for generating UIs –for indexing data –for querying –…

33. 33 Operational Templates (OPT) Consulta Médica COMPOSITION... at0000 category... DV_CODED_TEXT... defining_code... CODE_PHRASE... openehr 433 -- category = event... openEHR IM class openEHR IM attribute

34. 34 Information & Metadata Link between Archetypes and the Information Model –Will use those fields in our persistence model –Are important for queries! References to Archetypes and Templates (semantic content definitions)

35. 35 Agenda Clinical Information Requirements Clinical Information Organization Database Technologies & Features openEHR –goals, information model, knowledge model, data store & query, versioning & audit openEHR Data Storage Techniques –Relational + ORM –Hybrid Data Querying

36. Clinical Data Storage Design

37. 37 openEHR Data Storage Design openEHR doesn't define how to store data –The IM is not a Persistence Model –The Persistence Model will depend on requirements and technologies Our work is to adapt the IM to our persistence needs We can simplify, adapt or use part of it (openEHR is very flexible) –openEHR doesn't care about how we store data but does care about: structural and semantic consistency (defined by archetypes & OPTs) processable / accessable / queryable data Tips: –archetype id, path, template id, node id are important for querying –references can be simplified (OBJECT_REF) (FKs in Relational) –structured data can be simplified (ej. DV_CODED_TEXT) –…

38. 38 Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) OO system (openEHR IM) & Relational DB => ORM –OO: class, attribute, attr. type, relationship, inheritance –Relational: table, column, column type, reference Key elements: 1.identity representation 2.data type mapping 3.association mapping (different cardinalities 1..1, 1..N, N..N) 4.inheritance mapping

39. 39 Identity in Object-Oriented Model Objects have an identity to: –differentiate between objects of the same class –reference those objects In the relational model we have Primary Keys Solution: –add an "id" column in each table –of type "int" or "long" and use it as PK –FKs reference only PKs "id" represents relationships in the OO model

40. 40 Data Type Mapping MySQLPostgresSQLServerOracle Date date datetime date timestamp date datetime2 date datetime String varchar text varchar text varchar nvarchar varchar2 nvarchar2 clob Boolean bitbooleanbitchar(1) CHEK IN ('1','0') Integer integernumericintnumber... Each type we use in the OO model, should be mapped to a type in the DBMS we chose.

41. 41 Mapping Classes  Tables

42. 42 Mapping Relationships

43. 43 Mapping Inheritance TIP: on table per class, is better to use the same value for "id" for the columns of the same instances distributed in different tables.

44. Database Schema Examples Some databases we have designed for openEHR data, but with different purposes

45. 45 EHRServer + generic data storage + focused on querying + doesn’t map the whole IM + training purposes (for now)

46. 46 + operational DB + for an EMR system + pretty normalized

47. 47 Hybrid approach Considerations –Use only if it makes sense! for example if it improves querying performance / scalability –Modern Relational DBMS compete with some NoSQL features: support documents scale through clusters some allow in-memory tables or views

48. 48 Agenda Clinical Information Requirements Clinical Information Organization Database Technologies & Features openEHR –goals, information model, knowledge model, data store & query, versioning & audit openEHR Data Storage Techniques –Relational + ORM –Hybrid Data Querying

49. AQL and path-based queries

50. 50 Archetype Query Language AQL is like SQL for EHRs Archetype ID is "like" a table (type of info we want) –openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.blood_pressure.v1 Data points identified by paths, "like" "columns (defined by each archetype) –Systolic BP: /data[at0001]/events[at0006]/data[at0003]/items[at0004]/value SELECT obs/data[at0001]/events[at0006]/data[at0003]/items[at0004]/value/magnitude, obs/data[at0001]/events[at0006]/data[at0003]/items[at0005]/value/magnitude FROM EHR [ehr_id/value=$ehrUid] CONTAINS COMPOSITION [openEHR-EHR-COMPOSITION.encounter.v1] CONTAINS OBSERVATION obs [openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.blood_pressure.v1] WHERE obs/data[at0001]/events[at0006]/data[at0003]/items[at0004]/value/magnitude >= 140 OR obs/data[at0001]/events[at0006]/data[at0003]/items[at0005]/value/magnitude >= 90 Get high BP data https:// openehr.atlassian.net/wiki/display/spec/Archetype+Query+Language+Description

51. 51 AQL - Query samples Marco-Ruiz L, Moner D, Maldonado JA, Kolstrup N, Bellika JG, Archetype-based data warehouse environment to enable the reuse of electronic health record data, International Journal of Medical Informatics (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.05.016 SELECT o/data/events/data/items[at0078.13]/value AS WhiteCellCount FROM EHR e CONTAINS COMPOSITION c [openEHR-EHR- COMPOSITION.encounter.v1] CONTAINS OBSERVATION o [openEHR-EHR- OBSERVATION.lab_test_full_blood_count.v1] WHERE o/data/events/data/items[at0078.13]/value > 11000000000 AND o/data/events/data/items[at0078.13]/value < 17000000000 TIME WINDOW P1Y/2014-02-12

52. 52 AQL - Query samples Marco-Ruiz L, Moner D, Maldonado JA, Kolstrup N, Bellika JG, Archetype-based data warehouse environment to enable the reuse of electronic health record data, International Journal of Medical Informatics (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.05.016 SELECT o/data/events/data/items[at0078.13]/value AS WhiteCellCount FROM EHR e CONTAINS COMPOSITION c [openEHR-EHR- COMPOSITION.encounter.v1] CONTAINS OBSERVATION o [openEHR-EHR- OBSERVATION.lab_test_full_blood_count.v1] WHERE o/data/events/data/items[at0078.13]/value > 11000000000 AND o/data/events/data/items[at0078.13]/value < 17000000000 TIME WINDOW P1Y/2014-02-12

53. Infectious diseases tests monitoring at University Hospital of North Norway AQL in action

54. 54 AQL in action Infectious diseases monitoring at UNN: Laboratory tests are extracted from the LIS in a canonical XML format Canonical extracts are transformed into openEHR compliant extracts Extracts are loaded into an openEHR data warehouse (Think!EHR) Marco-Ruiz L, Moner D, Maldonado JA, Kolstrup N, Bellika JG, Archetype-based data warehouse environment to enable the reuse of electronic health record data, International Journal of Medical Informatics (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.05.016

55. 55 Marco-Ruiz L, Moner D, Maldonado JA, Kolstrup N, Bellika JG, Archetype-based data warehouse environment to enable the reuse of electronic health record data, International Journal of Medical Informatics (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.05.016

56. 56 SELECT count(o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0022]) -- count (patientId) FROM EHR e CONTAINS COMPOSITION c CONTAINS (OBSERVATION o1[openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.micro_lab_test.v1]) WHERE ( o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0010]/items[at0043]/items[at0036]/value = 'Kikhoste' AND o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0010]/items[at0043]/items[at0037]/value='Positiv' ) AND o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0024]/value >= '2013-01-04' AND o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0024]/value < '2013-01-05' Marco-Ruiz L, Moner D, Maldonado JA, Kolstrup N, Bellika JG, Archetype-based data warehouse environment to enable the reuse of electronic health record data, International Journal of Medical Informatics (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.05.016 AQL 1: + Count positive tests of Pertussis for the day specified in the parameter AQL in action

57. 57 SELECT count(o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0022]/value) FROM EHR e CONTAINS COMPOSITION c CONTAINS ( OBSERVATION o1[openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.micro_lab_test.v1] AND OBSERVATION o2[openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.micro_lab_test.v1] ) WHERE ( o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0010]/items[at0043]/items[at0036]/value = 'Salmonella' AND o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0010]/items[at0043]/items[at0037]/value = 'Positiv' ) AND o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0020]/value = '1917' AND o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0024]/value >= '2013-01-01' AND o1/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0024]/value < '2013-01-15' Marco-Ruiz L, Moner D, Maldonado JA, Kolstrup N, Bellika JG, Archetype-based data warehouse environment to enable the reuse of electronic health record data, International Journal of Medical Informatics (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.05.016 AQL 2: + Count patient ID + Salmonella cases in the specified municipality (same as patient just confirmed) + In the first 2 weeks of January AQL in action

58. EHRServer Queries Path-based queries in action https://cabolabs-ehrserver.rhcloud.com/ehr-0.3/query/list

59. 59 EHRServer Query Builder

60. 60 Path-based queries in action { "uid": "9c5da334-4b81-4d60-92e2-aa96a722b4ac", "name": "Documents with high BP", "format": "xml", "type": "composition", "criteriaLogic": "OR", "criteria": [ { "archetypeId": "openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.blood_pressure.v1", "path": "/data[at0001]/events[at0006]/data[at0003]/items[at0004]/value", "conditions": { "magnitude": { "gt": [ 140 ] }, "units": { "eq": "mm[Hg]" } } }, { "archetypeId": "openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.blood_pressure.v1", "path": "/data[at0001]/events[at0006]/data[at0003]/items[at0005]/value", "conditions": { "magnitude": { "gt": [ 90 ] }, "units": { "eq": "mm[Hg]" } } ] } Path-based: + Get clinical documents (compositions) + With high BP JSON expression of EHRServer queries

61. 61 Path-based queries in action Results: + in XML (or JSON if specified on the query or as a parameter) + just the index, no data, get a document using the index or change the query to get the data openEHR-EHR-COMPOSITION.signos.v1 event true 11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111 2015-08-14 03:06:44.0 EDT 11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111 Signos e152b2c2-7dbe-44b6-9ec6-2cd698561140 openEHR-EHR-COMPOSITION.signos.v1 event true 11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111 2015-08-14 03:07:06.0 EDT 11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111 Signos f0a8d192-0f68-4501-8373-f954a47a7385...

62. 62 Path-based queries in action { "uid": "70764d85-4e4b-4548-8f71-3a294f35e704", "name": "Vital Signs", "format": "json", "type": "datavalue", "group": "path", "projections": [ { "archetypeId": "openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.blood_pressure.v1", "path": "/data[at0001]/events[at0006]/data[at0003]/items[at0004]/value" }, { "archetypeId": "openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.blood_pressure.v1", "path": "/data[at0001]/events[at0006]/data[at0003]/items[at0005]/value" }, { "archetypeId": "openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.body_temperature.v1", "path": "/data[at0002]/events[at0003]/data[at0001]/items[at0004]/value" }, { "archetypeId": "openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.body_weight.v1", "path": "/data[at0002]/events[at0003]/data[at0001]/items[at0004]/value" }, { "archetypeId": "openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.pulse.v1", "path": "/data[at0002]/events[at0003]/data[at0001]/items[at0004]/value" }, { "archetypeId": "openEHR-EHR-OBSERVATION.respiration.v1", "path": "/data[at0001]/events[at0002]/data[at0003]/items[at0004]/value" } ] } Path-based: + Get clinical data for all vital signs measures + Result in JSON format, grouped by path (type of data) JSON expression of EHRServer queries

63. 63 GastrOS – Endoscopy Database http://gastros.codeplex.com Open Source openEHR implementation of a commercial DB for academic research (2011) Based on Minimal Standard Terminology for Digestive Endoscopy (MST 2) Works with openEHR RM directly –C# openEHR.NET (Open Source) –Uses 3 Templates (EGD, Colonopscopy, ERCP) Used RDMBS (MS Access and SQLite) Uses ORM (Nhibernate) to store XML Compositions 63

64. 64 MST Structure

65. 65

66. 66 Content Model Coverage

67. 67

68. 68 SDE Parser OPT Reference Model Skeleton Instance (ENTRY types, CLUSTERS) GUI Form: Widgets+Leaf nodes(ELEMENT) SDE GUI Generator AOM Representation

69. 69

70. 70 A Standards-based Approach to Development of Clinical Registries - NZ Gestational Diabetes Registry Pilot Dr. Koray Atalag MD, PhD, FACHI (National Institute for Health Innovation) Aleksandar Zivaljevic, PhD candidate (Univ. Of Auckland) Dr. Carl Eagleton MBChB, FRACP (Counties Manukau District Health Board) Karen Pickering (Diabetes Projects Trust)

71. 71 GDM Registry Database Used OceanEHR Framework –Academic license from Ocean Informatics –Simplifies persistence and querying plus more! –Supports openEHR Demographic IM –Supports AQL Extended MultiPrac App (Source provided on academic license) –MVC Application (VS 2010 w/ SQL Server) –Handles user management, basic admin etc. –Supports reference sets, provider/organisation etc. 71

72. 72 The Dataset

73. 73 Automatic technical conversion – C# Class

74. 74

75. 75 Make your own or reuse existing openEHR persistence? Open reusable openEHR persistence & query APIs have been suggested and are now being formally specified –Join the REST discussion, openEHR wiki + mailinglists https://openehr.atlassian.net/wiki/display/spec/openEHR+REST+APIs https://openehr.atlassian.net/wiki/display/spec/openEHR+REST+APIs –Implementations of openEHR SOAP interfaces exist. A SOAP API could be formally specified if there is enough interest –Other API options? New reusable implementations are welcome! Before implementing your own persistence, consider: –Is your main interest storage or clinical application? –Would AQL be helpful in some of your use-cases? –In what way will it need to scale? 75

76. 76 Conclusion openEHR doesn’t specify how to store openEHR clinical data –not bound to any technology or modeling technique Remember to model data with references to metadata –archetype id, template id, path, node id Use operational templates in software, not archetypes directly –archetypes are too generic, too many options, not so good for software Choosing a technology is on you –there is no one-fits-all solution –you might need to mix technologies (hybrid solution) Modify the openEHR Information Model –to create your storage model using the chosen technology Design generic query mechanisms based on archetype ids and paths –go for AQL support if you need it, allows to share queries between openEHR Clinical Data Storages Designing and querying Clinical Databases is hard! –now you have some pointers on where to start

77. Muito Obrigado! Perguntas? pablo.pazos@cabolabs.com @ppazos github.com/ppazos koray @atalagk erik.sundvall@liu.se @ErikSundvall github.com/ErikSundvall http://www.imt.liu.se/~erisu/ sergio@lampada.uerj.br luis.marco.ruiz@telemed.no