1. Week 2 Introduction to Data Modelling
Why modelling?
Database Modeling Basics
Design constraints
Different Models in Database Design

2. Introduction to Data Models
Why modelling?
Modelling saves time by allowing designers to evaluate and assess a system model before engaging in a full system development. It also true that at the outset, some of the requirements may not be clear, and the system model can help to clarify these.
All database design must start with a model in order to establish a data structure and relationships between data. A model offers a convenient and cost-effective of building a design from concept to the final system through a number of iterations. At each iteration a model will be able to highlight any deficiencies in design which can be corrected and the model tested again.

3. Different Models in Database Design
In database design there are a number of different models. The two most prevalent models to date are the relational model and the object oriented model. We take a brief look at other models in order to gain an understanding of the need behind models. Since the introduction of electronic databases the way that data is stored and operated upon needed to be defined. This required a data model and over time a few of these were developed. These are;
1. Hierarchical
2. Network
3. Relational
4. Entity relationship
5. Object Oriented
6. Object-Relational

4. Database Modeling Basics
Database modelling relies on three elements namely, entity, attributes and relationships.
Entity: refers to the basic data description. AN entity can be a person, a physical component or simply a value or a quantity. If you find it difficult to identify an entity, simply think of’ nouns’ that exist in your system. These will often make it easier for you to identify entities.
Attributes: These are also called properties of an entity. These will refer to properties that can be used to describe an entity. If you need to identify the properties of an entity it often helps to list the adjectives that can be applied to the entity. These will serve the purpose to identify the properties of the entity.
Relationships: These describe how entities relate to each other. In simple terms these can be thought of as links between entities. Thus, when an entity experiences a change, the link to another entity may cause a change in that entity as a result of their relationship. For example if a student is an entity then so is his tutor. The two entities will have a relationship as a data component.
A database designer must take into account these relationships, and program them into the database in order that the database application functions efficiently and accurately.

5. Design constraints
All database design has to take into account the constraints on data. These constraints are sometimes called business rules and they control working practices of an organisation. For example, it may be a university policy that a class can not run with fewer than five students. In the database design it is essential that the model reflects this rule.
All models must allow the designer to describe these relationships and constraints on entities and their properties. Furthermore, the designer must be able to see where the models can generate problems, so that the design can be suitably modified.

6. Classification of Relationships
A further point worth mentioning is that relationship are classified in terms of how many objects are involved in the relationship. Thus, three types are defined; namely;
One to Many (1:M): As in one tutor to many students.
Many to One (M:1): As in many modules to one course
Many to Many (M:N): As in many units to many students

7. Database model types -The Hierarchical Model
The first type of data model used in database design was the hierarchical model. The data structure in this type of model resembles an inverted tree where the base of the tree is the highest level of hierarchy, and the branches below constitute the lower levels.
In this data structure the root is considered to be the parent of all objects below it and conversely, going down the structure each entity is the child to the one above it in the structure. In the hierarchical model it is clear that each child entity can only have one parent and that a parent entity can have many children entities. Whilst this is quite suitable for many database applications, the constraint that each child can only have one parent can restrict many database designs.
The hierarchical model was the first used in database design and although it has been very useful, some modifications were necessary as database applications became more complex.

8. Network Model
To improve performance the network model included the ability of a child to have more than one parent. That is to say, a student can belong to more than one course. For example, they can attend as full time students on one course, and as part time on another. The data structure must tolerate this relationship. In the network model, the terminology is somewhat different. Here a relationship between entities is called a set. Each set comprises of at least two records one the owner (parent) and the other the member (child). Thus, a set can show many members as well as many owners, and the single parent constraint is removed.
Although this was a significant improvement on the hierarchical model, there was a need for more flexibility in describing relationships between entities. Thus the relational data model was conceived.

9. Relational Database Model
The next phase of evolution produced the relational database model, which is perhaps the most common type of model in current database applications. Databases that subscribe to this model are called relational databases.
In very simple terms a relational data model can be described as a collection of tables that store data. Data are stored in rows and columns and the intersection of a particular row and column will point to a particular data value. This representation allows data to be a part of more than one table, and as a consequence tables can be linked together. Thus, for example, the Course director identifier data, say CD_ID can belong to a table storing student information and also in the table that is used to store the course director data.

10. The entity relationship model (ERM)
The ERM is a graphical representation of entities and their relationships. This is done using the entity relationship diagrams (ERD).
The ERD uses a rectangular box to hold the entity name and the diamond shape to hold the relationship. It also uses labels to indicate if the relationship is 1:1, 1:M or M:N. Straight lines between entities indicate connectivity. For example consider the following ERD representation.

11. The entity relationship model (ERM)
symbols tend to vary and perhaps the most common notation is the Crow’s foot ERD model. This notation represents 1:1 and 1:M, M:N as symbols on the diagram rather than labels on the ERD. Additonally the relationship diamond is replaced with a simple label above the line. Thus, with Crow’s foot notation the above diagram would be as follows.