1. Ramping & Snapback Andy Butterworth AB/RF Chamonix XIV 17 January 2005

2. Outline Procedure for ramping the LHC Initial conditions for ramp commissioning Outline of ramp commissioning –Moving to the nominal cycle –Getting through snapback –Ramping further Measurements and commissioning of accelerator equipment Conclusions

3. Baseline energy ramp Parabolic-Exponential-Linear-Parabolic (PELP) E inj Injection Energy [GeV] 450 E ft Flat-top Energy [GeV] 7000 E’ max Max Ramp rate [GeV/s] 5.9 E’ p Ramp rate at end of parabolic section [GeV/s] 2.125 tptp Length of parabolic section [s] 405 RiRi Start Round-out level [% E ft ] 98 PELPs are also used for any synchronized setting – e.g. applying a trim Parabolic I  t 2 Exponential I  e t Linear I  t Parabolic round-out I  t 2 will vary c/o Paul Collier

4. Baseline energy ramp PELP minimize voltage discontinuities –start with dI/dt = 0 ramp starts slowly –9 GeV in the first minute –minimize dynamic errors –slow snapback: ~70 seconds respect ramp rate of the power converters round-off at high energy –persistent currents, ramp-induced eddy currents

5. Ramp implementation: functions & timing Ramp is driven by current, voltage and frequency as functions of time, pre-loaded to the power converters and RF –as an array of points (delta-time, delta-reference) –1 ms granularity –arbitrary time spacing –requires linear interpolation of supplied points for all powering circuits - 1700 power converters –mains, quads, triplets, insertions, spool pieces, orbit correctors... Functions must take into account static & dynamic magnet errors –geometric, beam screen, eddy current in ramp –persistent current decay, snapback

6. Functions & timing (contd.) The control system for the LHC power converters has dedicated controller embedded in every converter –function generation (current versus time) –current regulation –state monitoring and control (on, off, reset etc.) The same function generator module is also used in the RF systems –voltage & phase, frequency, radial position, power coupler position etc.

7. Functions & timing (contd.) Execution of functions is triggered by a “start ramp” timing event –the operator decides when to ramp and requests the timing system to send the event The ramp stops naturally when the functions come to an end –not possible to stop while the functions are executing a stop “during the ramp” means generating functions which stop at the desired time

8. Real time corrections The function generator controller also has a real-time input –accepts corrections up to 50 Hz –in combination with time dependent functions as an offset: Ref = F(t) +dF rt or as a fractional gain: Ref = F(t)(1 + G rt ) Real-time corrections are eventually foreseen... –operator-controlled real-time knobs –beam-based feedback orbit – local and global tune, chromaticity - will not be in place for commissioning –feed-forward from online reference magnets open to question…

9. Other systems RF Low-level loops control the beam –phase loop locks RF to beam to avoid emittance blowup –must eventually use synchro loop when we want to collide both rings locked to the same frequency program avoids rephasing before physics –but radial loop used during ramp commissioning since exact beam energy is not well known adjusts RF frequency to centre beam at pickup in IR4 measure frequency offset and feed correction forward into functions Beam Dump –loaded with the reference energy ramp –supplies strengths for septum, MKD, MKB as function of beam energy –tracks the energy using a hardware ‘energy meter’

10. Pre-requisites & initial conditions Circulating beams in both rings at 450 GeV with well adjusted beam parameters Relaxed tolerances: –low intensities  more tolerance on beam parameter variation: tune, Q' etc. –commissioning tunes Q H and Q V widely separated, more coupling allowed –no crossing angle bumps or spectrometer compensation  more aperture

11. Pre-requisites (contd) Beam instrumentation –continuous PLL tune measurement available (no feedback) with tune history must be possible with pilot bunches feed-forward to correct the tune – closing the loop will come later –Q’ measurement with RF frequency modulation online (head-tail) Q’ measurement highly desirable –orbit acquisition through the ramp and eventually feedback around the beam dump and collimation regions RMS –predictions of persistent current effects & snapback after a fixed time on injection plateau

12. Pre-requisites (contd) Machine Protection –beam dump commissioned at 450 GeV –initial commissioning of beam loss monitors at 450 GeV –beam interlocks verified system by system –initial collimation settings: as for injection TDI out, collimators at coarse settings (~ 7/8.5  ) Controls –function generation and management (trims, incorporation) –sequencer, ramp timing commissioned RF –beam control: phase, synchro & radial loops operational Transverse feedback OFF –only needed at this stage for injection damping

13. Phases of ramp commissioning Single beam through snapback Switch to nominal cycle Ramp – single beam Single beam to physics energy Two beams to physics energy [ring1, ring2] [ring1, ring2] pilot [ring1, ring2] pilot++ [ring1, ring2] Star t End 450 GeV on “degauss” cycle moderate intensity (3x10 10 ppb) single bunch at 7 TeV

14. Move to nominal cycle “Degauss” cycle used during initial commissioning at 450 GeV –degauss “blip” eliminates persistent current decay on the injection plateau –but hysteresis & snapback mean we cannot ramp  must switch to nominal cycle to continue need to transfer all trims made on the degauss cycle to the nominal cycle –transfer of 450 GeV corrections & incorporation into the ramp functions

15. Initial Commissioning – Nominal Cycle Wait 15-20 minutes on injection plateau before injecting: –reduced persistent currents  “nominal” snapback – bigger but reproducible –limited further decay but will still need to re-commission 450 GeV Look at decay with beam: –energy offset vs. time –tune, chromaticity, orbit drifts –reproducibility after cycling etc. Establish standard operational procedure at 450 GeV –standard checks: momentum, tune, orbit, chromaticity, coupling, dispersion –then launch the ramp as quickly as possible... –try to avoid large scale readjustment of beam parameters every cycle Full recycle to top energy after every attempt –may initially set up for cycling to a lower energy to save time nominal cycle degauss cycle

16. snap-back decay Injection ~ 1200 s Snapback ~ 70 s Decay & snapback – the problem Drift in multipole components due to decay of persistent currents and consequent snapback at start of ramp The challenge will be anticipating the depth of the snapback and attempting to deal with associated swing of beam parameters ParameterNominal toleranceLimit on b n (MB) – Inj.Approx. DecayParameter swing Q'Q' Q'  2  Q'  ± 1 ± 0.021.7  Q'  +71/-64 c/o L. Bottura

17. Managing snapback Procedure: –establish length of time on injection plateau –reference model or measurements to establish depth of snapback –predict required corrector functions and incorporate into the machine settings –load functions to hardware –launch ramp (timing event) –track key beam parameters through snapback: tune, orbit, Q‘ for feed-forward to the next cycle

18. e.g. Chromaticity Infer persistent current change  I Extract total b 3 correction Invoke fit for snapback prediction Convert to currents for b 3 spool pieces Incorporate into ramp functions & download Functions invoked at ramp start  talk: L. Bottura slow Q’ measurements and b 3 corrections during injection Just before ramping… Extract sextupole change in dipoles  b 3 since  b 3 and  I are correlated RT corrections still possible Timing event

19. RMS First attempts at ramping need model predictions good enough to get low intensities through full snapback If online RMS measurements were available, feed-forward of these to the next cycle would help refine the prediction of the snapback

20. Beyond Snapback Things should calm down once the snapback is over –dynamic effects considerably reduced after first 100 GeV –eddy currents small & reproducible –correctors optimised using feed-forward Measurements made ‘on-the-fly’ during the ramp are used to modify the corrector functions for subsequent cycles L. Bottura

21. Stopping with beam in the ramp Must be programmed before starting the ramp –with appropriate round-off behaviour of the functions –need to handle decay after the stop Restart with beam is possible in theory, but problematic –requires a new set of PELP functions to be loaded –including corrections for handling the associated snapback Used for commissioning of beam dump, beam loss monitors, beam measurements, optics checks, physics...

22. Machine Protection Single beam through snapback Switch to nominal cycle Ramp – single beam Single beam to physics energy Two beams to physics energy Star t End Low intensity, single bunch, low energy... same as at 450 GeV –BLMs: acquisition – no dump, check losses against thresholds –collimators & TDCQ coarse settings Critical machine protection systems must be in place –minimum subset of BLMs connected to beam interlock system –collimators interlocked in place –local orbit stabilisation around beam cleaning insertions and dump region –further commissioning of beam dump & BLMs

23. System commissioning: Beam dump Commissioning in ramp (with pilot): –extract at pre-defined energies (small steps - to be defined) energy tracking (MKD, MSD, MKB) measure, correct & check trajectories and settings, dilution kicker sweep check instrumentation, feedback, reference settings, interlock thresholds, kicker timings/retriggering –interpolate to build reference functions for settings and interlock thresholds –increase intensity gradually at each energy optimisation of interlocks and settings where necessary

24. System commissioning: RF Control B-field correction procedures to obtain dB/B < 10 -4 –single bunch pilot, inject/dump Control acceleration through snapback –single bunch pilot, accelerate –dump at progressively higher energies Measure: –capture losses (flash loss of out-of-bucket beam at start of ramp) –continuous measurements of frequency response of loops during ramp –bunch length (emittance growth) - injection mismatch, RF noise –beam losses Feed-forward of measured frequency offset –for eventual switch to synchro loop operation In preparation for physics beams: –Commissioning of programmed longitudinal emittance blowup via RF noise

25. Conclusions The procedure and mechanisms for ramping the LHC are well defined Strategy for commissioning the nominal cycle –wait for current decay to play out before injecting –aim for reproducibility of snapback –iterative process with feed-forward of corrections –relaxed tolerances during commissioning but the target is likely to be moving RMS –Predictions essential for getting through snapback Machine protection –starts to become critical when ramping further than the end of snapback –even at low intensities