1. Hybridization Polarity Intermolecular Forces SCH4U

2. Theoretical process involving the mixing of atomic orbitals to create a new set of orbitals that take part in covalent bonding Mainly useful for describing the shapes of organic compounds

3. …helps to explain the molecular shape of CH 4 CH 4 is tetrahedral Bond angle is 109.5 o WHY? Answer: Hybridization of carbon's s and p orbitals

4. Electron Configuration in Carbon

5. CH 4 – hybridization of Carbon 2s orbital + 3 2p orbitals → 4 hybridised sp 3 orbitals

6. sp 3 hybridization

8. Case of H 2 O Molecule H 2 O is also tetrahedral sp 3 hybridization Angle less then 109.5 because lone the two non-bonding pairs remain closer to the oxygen atom, these exert a stronger repulsion against the two covalent bonding pairs, effectively pushing the two hydrogen atoms closer together. The result is a distorted tetrahedral arrangement in which the H—O—H angle is 104.5°

9. Polarity of Molecules

10. Using dipole moment vectors Since there is a resultant dipole vector, the molecule is POLAR

11. Non-polar molecules

12. Polar Molecules

13. Test your skill… Polar or non-polar? Draw the structure, determine shape and use dipole vectors to determine polarity: CHCl 3 (chloromethane) SO 3

14. Answers:

15. Intermolecular Forces

19. H-bonding