1. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme and its review Thomas Bernheim DG Environment, unit C.2 European Commission

2. Why was the EU ETS set up? The cornerstone of the EU’s market-based strategy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cost-effectively The main driver for the global carbon market involving 168 countries and transactions valued at some €33 billion ($50 billion) in 2007 An essential structural element for long-term global strategies to avoid dangerous climate change

3. Targets for emission reductions European objective is for global temperature increase not to exceed 2º Celsius above pre- industrial levels This requires industrialised countries to reduce GHG emissions by 30% below 1990 levels by 2020, domestically or through emissions trading mechanisms, increasing to 60-80% reductions by 2050

4. EU ETS design fundamentals Simple “downstream” cap-and-trade system for major emitting industries that is part of a comprehensive policy mix Initially, allocation largely devolved to Member States, with Commission assessment of national allocation plans against agreed common criteria:  consistency with actual and projected emissions, consistency with potential to reduce emissions, on track to achieve emission reduction commitments, not unfairly discriminating Monitoring rules for direct emissions, independent verification Robust penalties to ensure compliance (€100 + shortfall) Electronic registry system to record holdings of allowances Market development driven by the private sector

5. Stages of development of EU ETS 2005-7: Start-up phase  Allocations to be in line with reducing emissions and on path to Kyoto reductions  Allowances mostly allocated for free (auctioning limited to 5%)  Robust emissions monitoring and verification, efficient electronic registry system  Sound market development but lack of scarcity 2008-12: Aligned with Kyoto Protocol’s first commitment period  Allocations to be in line with achieving Kyoto targets  Cap set at 6.5% below 2005 emissions  But JI/CDM limit at 13.5% of 2005 emissions  Auctioning possible up to 10%  Linking taking place with Norway and other Kyoto ratifiers  Harmonised inclusion of climate change impacts from aviation

6. Objectives of EU ETS review Cost-effective contribution to -20% GHG target for 2020, or to stricter target under international climate agreement Improvement of the EU ETS based on experience More predictability for long-term emission reductions Stepping stone to development of a global carbon market

7. Scope Cover all big industrial emitters: extension e.g. to chemical sectors and aluminium Extension to other GHG: nitrous oxide (fertilisers), perfluorocarbons (aluminium) Potential “opt-out” of small emitters, if equivalent emission reduction measures in place (e.g. tax)

8. Cap setting Single EU-wide cap instead of 27 caps set by MS Annual caps with linear decrease of 1.74% per year to 2020 and beyond In 2020 ETS emissions 21% below 2005 level Cap adjusted when international climate agreement concluded

9. Cap setting -20% -30% 2083 Mtyr Gradient: -1.74%

10. Allocation principles Harmonised allocation rules ensure level playing field across the EU Basic principle for allocation is auctioning:  Eliminates windfall profits  Most efficient and transparent allocation system Full auctioning for sectors able to pass on costs  Power sector

11. Allocation principles Partial free allocation to industry as a transitional measure  Phased out (from 80% to 0) by 2020 for “normal industry”  Possibly higher levels (up to 100%) of free allocation to industries particularly vulnerable to international competition (‘carbon leakage’)  Sectors to be determined no later than 2010 European Commission to report on ‘carbon leakage’ by 2011 and make a proposal, if appropriate:  To review free allocation levels and/or  To introduce system to neutralise distortive effects

12. Auctioning and earmarking Auctioning rights distributed to Member States  Relatively more rights to MS with lower GDP/capita to ensure fairness Auctions non-discriminatory, carried out by Member States on basis of harmonised rules 20% of auction revenues should be earmarked for combating climate change, promoting renewable energies and addressing social impacts Large sums involved

13. Monitoring & Reporting, Verification & Accreditation, Compliance More harmonised rules on  monitoring and reporting of emissions by operators  verification of reports, mutual recognition of verifiers, accreditation

14. International aspects: JI/CDM Companies can already use credits from Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism projects for compliance “Left-over” credits from 2008-2012 can be used 2013-2020: total 1.4 billion tons for 2008-2020, one third of reduction effort over the period

15. International aspects: JI/CDM, linking When int’l agreement is reached, substantial additional use of credits allowed, to meet a stricter target  Only credits from countries which have ratified the agreement  Important incentives for global climate agreement Possible to link EU ETS not only to other national emission trading systems, but also to sub-federal and regional systems

16. In conclusions… Emission reduction objectives of the Community require most efficient approach A more harmonised EU ETS is able to fully exploit the benefits of emissions trading The proposal  ensures significant contribution by ETS to overall targets  provides a predictable and reliable long-term perspective for industry to take the necessary investment decisions  takes into account competitiveness and risk of carbon leakage  makes ETS attractive for other countries to join  credibly underlines EU leadership