1. Lecture 12: Pointers B Burlingame 25 Nov 2015

2. Announcements Homework 6 due Homework 7 posted, due with the final  Final prep Take home Lab posted tonight  Open labs tonight and Tuesday  Due in lab, next week Final information & review next week

3. Languages There are many programming languages  C, C++, Perl, Java, etc. C  C originates in 1972  Co-developed with UNIX Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Ken Thompson  K&R C is still a thing  Why does C continue? Pointer variables

4. What is a Variable? Variables in general  Variable declaration informs compiler of two things: 1. Name of the variable 2. Data type of the variable Actions caused:  Bytes allocated in memory  Symbol table with name, address, and value  Can think of a variable as having two "values" Value of what is stored at the memory location (rvalue) Value of the memory location (its address) (lvalue) int var1 = 0; 10FE Var address 0 intvar1 Var valueVar typeVar name Symbol Table Memory (8-bit) Address 00000000 00000000 0x10FE 0x10FF Bit 76543210 00000000 00000000 0x1100 0x1101

5. Bit 76543210 Memory (8-bit) Address 00000000 00000011 0x10FE 0x10FF What is a Variable? Variables in general, cont.  Assigning a value to a variable ( i = 3; ) Value is copied to the memory location at the address listed in the symbol table  Using a variable in an expression ( j = i; ) Value of what is stored at the memory location is accessed short int i=0, j=0; i = 3; j = i; 1100 short intj 10FE Address short inti ValueTypeName Symbol Table

6. So, what is a Pointer? Pointer variable  A variable that contains an address Declaring a pointer variable  type * varname int* ptr1; float *ptr2; char * ptr3;  Read as: "ptr1 is a pointer to an integer" "ptr2 is a pointer to a float" "ptr3 is a pointer to a char" #include int main() { int num1 = 0; int *ptr1 = &num1, *ptr2 = NULL; num1 = 7; printf("size of num1: %d\n",sizeof(num1)); printf("value of num1: %d\n",num1); printf("address of num1: %p\n",&num1); printf("address in ptr1: %p\n",ptr1); return 0; } &num1 means: the address for the variable num1 What is the size of num1? Is &num1 == ptr1? What address is stored in ptr2? Always initialize pointers you declare! An uninitialized pointer is like a loaded gun pointed in a direction that you don’t know.

7. Why Use Pointers? Allows a function to modify variables in the calling function  Recall: every parameter in a function call implies a memory allocation of a new variable and then the copy of the value of that parameter Return more than one value from a function call Pass a pointer to a large data structure rather than copying the whole structure Directly access hardware  Memory mapped hardware is very common

8. Accessing What a Pointer Points To The indirection operator * gets the value at the address stored in the pointer #include int main() { int num1 = 0; int *ptr1 = &num1; int *ptr2 = NULL; ptr2 = ptr1; num1 = 7; printf("value of num1: %d\n", num1); printf("value of num1: %d\n", *ptr1); printf("value of num1: %d\n", *ptr2); return 0; }

9. Pointer - Practice 1 Declare:  x_ptr, a pointer to an integer  y_ptr, a pointer to a double What do the following statements do?  char *my_ptr, my_char1 = 'c', my_char2;  my_ptr = &my_char1;  my_char2 = *my_ptr; What is in: my_ptr (in declaration? in second line?) my_char1 my_char2 (in declaration? in last line?)

10. Example: swap void swap( int *a, int *b ) { int temp = *a; *a = *b; *b = temp; } Need to exchange the values in two variables in the calling function Note the use of asterisks (*) and ampersands (&) int main (void) { int dove = 5, eagle = 17; swap( &dove, &eagle ); return 0; }

11. Recall: what is an array? int nums [10];  10 element array of integers Element no. 3 is accessed by: nums [2] because indexing begins at 0

12. Passing an Array to a Function Prototype and function header need:  data type  array name  [ ] Function call with actual name of array Note: in the function prototype and function header char *array would also work #include void PrintArray(int elements, char array[]); int main() { /* initialize the array */ char test[]={'M','E','3','0'}; /* get the size of the array */ int num_elem=sizeof(test)/sizeof(char); /* pass array to function */ PrintArray(num_elem, test); return 0; } /* PrintArray() function definition */ void PrintArray(int num_elem, char array[]) { int i=0; for(i=0; i<num_elem; i++) { printf("test[%d]==%c",i,array[i]); printf(" @ 0x%p\n",&array[i]); }

13. How do pointers and arrays relate? int nums [10];  10 element array of integers Element no. 3 is accessed by: nums [2] -or - Element no. 3 can be access by: *(num + 2) Where num is the head address of the array and 2 is the offset

14. Passing an Array Pointer to a Function Prototype and function header need:  data type  array name (as pointer) Function call with actual name of array #include void PrintArray(int elements, char *array); int main() { /* initialize the array */ char test[]={'M','E','3','0'}; /* get the size of the array */ int num_elem=sizeof(test)/sizeof(char); /* pass array to function */ PrintArray(num_elem, test); return 0; } /* PrintArray() function definition */ void PrintArray(int num_elem, char *array) { int i=0; for(i=0; i<num_elem; i++) { printf("test[%d]==%c",i, *(array + 1)); printf(" @ 0x%p\n", array + 1); }

15. Pointers and Arrays An array is basically a static pointer to the head (element 0) of an array void show_array( int x[], int *y, int size ); int main( void ) { int a[10] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }; //since arrays are already storing addresses, no & necessary show_array( a, a, 10 ); return 0; } void show_array( int x[], int *y, int size ) { int i = 0; for( i = 0; i < size; ++i ) { //note how the array and pointer notation looks printf( "%d\t%d\n", x[i], *(y + i) ); }

16. Pointers and Arrays An array is basically a static pointer to the head (element 0) of an array void show_elem( int *x, int *y ); int main( void ) { int a[10] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }; //an element of an array, still stores a value; therefore an & is //necessary. Using the pointer offset method, however, doesn’t show_elem( a + 3, &a[3] ); return 0; } void show_elem( int *x, int *y ) { printf( “%d\t%d\n”, *x, *y ); }

17. References Darnell, P. A. & Margolis, P. E. (1996) C, a software engineering approach, 3 rd ed., Springer, New York, p. 327. http://www.cppreference.com/wiki/c/io/fopen, Visited 23OCT2010. http://www.cppreference.com/wiki/c/io/fopen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams, Visited 23OCT2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams