1. CSC 1010 Programming for All Lecture 7 Input, Output & Graphics

2. INPUT 2

3. Reading using input function Prompt: –Asks the user for input –Example: input(“Enter your first name”) –Need to store the string results Input firstName = input(“Enter your first name”) –Here – message is displayed –Computer waits until user types in and hits Enter –Characters are stored in variable to left of = –print(firstName) #prints what user entered –Input is always of type string

4. Number needed Converting a string variable to a number can be used if numeric (rather than string input) is needed age = int(input("Please enter age: ")) The above is equivalent to doing it two steps (getting the input and then converting it to a number): aString = input("Please enter age: ") # String input age = int(aString)#age is now an integer decimalAge = float(aString)# a float

5. Example: y = ax 2 + bx + c Try to use the coefficients of a quadratic equation s = input(“enter single digit quadratic coefficients: “ + “a b c with one space in between sa = s[0] # string input bs = s[2] cs = s[4] a=int(as) # converts string to number b=int(bs) c=int(cs) ans=a+b+c # proves we converted from string to numbers

6. Quick check Ask the user for his number of siblings and convert the to an integer (paper answer) Ask the user for price of soda and covert to decimal number(paper answer) NEXT: Go to IDLE –New Window – Save as testInput.py #Testing input and conversion sage=input(“Enter your age”) ans=sage*2 –Did it work? Try converting sage to integer age and then multiplying age * 2 –Did this work?

7. FORMATTING OUTPUT 7

8. Formatting Two separate parts: The mask(s) to be used in formatting The value(s) to be formatted The mask(s) –Surrounded by quote marks –Each mask is preceded by % –Each mask is followed by its type (s,f,d) –Each mask can have a width –All items are right justified unless specified differently The value(s) –Enclosed in parenthesis –Preceded by % –In same order as the mask(s)

9. Formatting Output Outputting floating point values can look strange: price = 1.21997 We want to format the output to look good –Want 1.22 –print(“%.2f” % price) Suppose we want a field of width 10 characters –print("%10.2f" % price) The %10.2f is called a format specifier 10 spaces 9

10. Syntax: formatting strings Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 10

11. Formatting Examples: Left Justify a String : print("%-10s" %("Total:")) Right justify a number with two decimal places print("%10.2f" %(price)) And you can print multiple values: print("%-10s%10.2f" %("Total: ", price)) 11

13. Quick check with Partner Open IDLE Type the following and save as testFmt.py # Testing Format # testFmt.py myString=“HI” myInt=54 myFloat=1.21997 print(“Format Example = \n“, -------) Change ---- to format mask in quotes and the %(number) you are formatting (no comma in between)

14. GRAPHICS 14

15. Download Graphics For our class Schedule for today, download Graphics.zip Unzip it and... Store it in on your computer or on VUAD (the shared space on the university system) Open the folder and look at the files 15

16. Creating Graphics Window First: Import the Graphics Window: from graphics import GraphicsWindow Second: Size the window to (640 x 480 pixels): win = GraphicsWindow(640, 480 ) Third: Access the canvas contained in the graphics window: canvas = win.canvas()

17. Drawing on a Canvas & Waiting Once we have the canvas we can draw Example canvas.drawRect(15, 10, 20, 30) Must “wait” after drawing to allow window to stay opened until user clicks the X to close the window win.wait()

18. A graphics window Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 18

19. Quick Check Download the graphics module Create the following short program called testWin.py in IDLE and run it #Test Graphics Window from graphics import GraphicsWindow win = GraphicsWindow() canvas=win.canvas() canvas.drawRect(5,10,20,30) win.wait()

20. Math Coordinate System x- Axis y- Axis 0,0

21. Python Coordinate System 0,0 21 y- Axis x- Axis

22. Lines Draw from one point to a second point Each point is designated with an x,y coordinate Example: canvas.drawLine(x1,y1,x2,y2) Example: canvas.drawLine(40,10, 100,65)

23. canvas.drawLine: 23 x1, y1 x2,y2 0, 0 drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2)

24. Drawing a Line Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. X Y 10 20 150 45 canvas.drawLine (10, 20, 150, 45) canvas.drawLine (150, 45, 10, 20) or

25. Lets have some Fun Basic shapes have 4 properties: x coordinate, y coordinate, width and height. Example: canvas.drawRect(20, 15,120, 75) –This statement draws a rectangle with the upper top left corner at point (20,15) in the window with a width of 120 and a width of 75. Common shapes that can be drawn include: rectangles, squares, circles and ovals. In a Square the width and height are equal

26. canvas.drawRect: 26 x, ywidth height 0, 0 drawRect( x, y, width, height)

27. Drawing Ovals: To draw an oval (or circle) We specify the rectangle into which the oval is to be inscribed The rectangle is the bounding box that will contain the oval canvas.drawOval(x,y, width, height) Example: canvas.drawOval(175, 20, 50, 80)

28. Drawing an Oval Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. X Y canvas.drawOval (175, 20, 50, 80) 175 20 50 80 bounding rectangle

29. Quick Check Take testWin.py: change the win instruction to be: win = GraphicsWindow(680,400) and do the following additional code just before the instruction: win.wait() Draw an oval Draw a circle Draw a line Save and run the program

30. Making Text Part of Drawing Used to label parts of a drawing Specify x, y coordinates of where to start Specify the message in Quotes Example: cavas.drawText(x,y, “Message”) canvas.drawText(50,100, “Hi There”) ----------------------------------------------------------- Quick Check: Add to testWin.py before the wait, save and run program

31. Recap

32. Colors – codes and color names Colors use the RGB code – 0 to 255 Example: (255, 0, 0 ) Lots of Red, no green, no blue (0, 255, 0) No red, lots of green, no blue (255, 0, 255) Red, no green, Blue = purple Color names are easier

33. Color Names

34. Set Outline colors Default outline is black Change outline color as follows: canvas.setOutline(255,0,0) or canvas.setOutline(“red”) Once the outline is set you can draw your shape canvas.drawOval(175, 20, 50, 80)

35. Fill Shapes Default is no Fill To fill shapes canvas.setFill(0,255,0) # fills green or canvas.setFill(“green”) Then: canvas.drawOval(175, 20, 50, 80) To Erase Fill: canvas.setFill()

36. Sets Color for Both Fill and Outline Uses RGB or Color Names: canvas.setColor(red, green, blue values) canvas.setColor(“name”) Example: canvas.setColor(0,0,255) canvas.setColor(“blue”) Then canvas.drawOval(175, 20, 50, 80)

37. Recap

38. Going Back to defaults canvas.setFill("red") canvas.setOutline("black") canvas.setFill() canvas.drawOval(310,340,75, 85)

39. Remember: To create any graphics program you need: from graphics import GraphicsWindow win = GraphicsWindow(680,400) canvas=win.canvas() # your code in here win.wait()

40. Quick Check Open IDLE and create a program: testColor.py –Remember you will need the import, window, canvas and wait instructions. Move the shape each time, so all show 1.set the outline color to one of your choice 2.display any shape 3.set the fill color to another color using RGB 4.display a different shape 5.Set an outline of one color and a fill of a second color and display a third shape 6.Display a 4 th shape using the settings from #5 7.Erase the outline from all shapes and display again the same shape used in #6 8.Show to instructor, TA or lab neighbor.

41. Summary The Python library has mathematical functions like sqrt() and abs() Convert between integers, floats and strings using the respective functions: int(), float(), str() Python libraries are grouped into modules. Use the import statement to use methods from a module. 41

42. String Summary String s are sequences of characters. len() function yields the number of characters in a String. Use the + operator to concatenate String s; that is, to put them together to yield a longer String. To perform a concatenation, the + operator requires both arguments to be strings. Numbers must be converted to strings using the str() function. 42

43. String Summary, continued String index numbers are counted starting with 0. Use the [ ] operator to extract the elements of a String. 43

44. Summary, continued Use the input() function to read keyboard input in a console window. Use the format specifiers to specify how values should be formatted. -------------------------------------------------- Graphical shapes (such as squares, rectangles, circles, ovals), or lines and text can be drawn using the graphics module. The color of graphical objects can be set with the setOutline() and setFill() methods. 44