1. Inflammation and Course Themes Nancy Long Sieber, Ph.D. Sept. 14, 2009

2. http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312a/02/Graphics/figure01.gif Challenges and Adaptation

3. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/images/CR007b.jpg

4. What is the significance of injury and toxicity? Tissues differ in their capacity for repair –Epithelial cells are continuously replaced –Nerve cells, in general, do not divide Organs also differ in their “safety factors” –All organs have some amount of excess capacity –With aging and injury, the excess capacity is lost, and this may lead to loss of function

5. http://www.wirednewyork.com/hotels/marriott_marquis/images/marriott_marquis_elevators.jpg

6. http://www.gkivdo.com/gkii/wire_3.jpg Elevator cable for passenger elevators has a safety factor of about 11

7. Necrosis and Apoptosis http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-3/image01.gif

8. Developing human hand before web apoptosis http://www.i-am-pregnant.com/img/day48-hand.gif

9. Developing hand after web apoptosis http://www.grg.org/breakingnews2001.htm

10. Modified from: http://www.chrononhotonthologos.com/inactive/strokedr/hbothera.htm.. Area of dead tissue (Ischemic core) Ischemic penumbra where cells are irreversibly damaged. Cells in this region often undergo apoptosis in the hours after the stroke.

11. http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/inflammation01a.jpg Inflammation

12. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 IL-6 TNF LIVER Positive acute phase reactants: Fibrinogen Serum amyloid A C-reactive Protein C3 Haptoglobin

13. http://www.easterncarolinaent.com/Allergy-Triggers-copy.jpg Common Allergens

14. http://www.euromeds.co.uk/allergy-treatment-information.htm Allergen binds to IgE, which links to mast cells, triggering release of histamine.

15. Autoimmune Disease http://www.mctd.eu/images/AutoimmuneDisorder.jpg

16. http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancer.html Cancer

17. http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancer.html

18. Stress Responses

19. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1985 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% www.cdc.gov

20. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/obesity

21. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1986 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14%

22. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1987 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14%

23. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1988 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14%

24. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1989 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14%

25. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1990 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14%

26. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1991 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

27. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1992 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

28. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1993 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

29. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1994 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

30. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1995 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

31. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1996 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

32. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1997 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

33. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1998 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

34. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1999 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

35. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2000 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

36. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2001 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

37. (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2002 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

38. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2003 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

39. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2004 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

40. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2005 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

41. http://www.lipidsonline.org/slides/slide01.cfm?q=abdominal+fat&pg=1

42. In this abdominal MRI scan, it is possible to see subcutaneous fat around the abdomen, surrounding abdominal muscles. Visceral fat is deeper inside the abdomen, surrounding internal organs.It is the visceral fat that secretes IL-6, strongly suggesting a mechanistic link to systemic inflammation. http://mednews.wustl.edu/tips/page/normal/8947.html

43. The women in this study did not gain weight, but they did have an increase in abdominal fat http://www.lipidsonline.org/slides/slide01.cfm?q=abdominal+fat&dpg=10