1. RECAP LECTURE 9

2. 1.BUSINESS ENTITY 2.GOING CONCERN 3.CONSISTENCY 4.MATERIALITY 5.PRUDENCE

3. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MATERIALITY INFORMATION IS MATERIAL IF ITS OMISSION OR MISSTATEMENT COULD INFLUENCE THE ECONOMIC DECISIONS OF USERS TAKEN ON THE BASIS OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENT

4. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MATERIALITY INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE FS MUST THEREFORE BE COMPLETE IN ALL MATERIAL ASPECTS IN ORDER FOR THEM TO PRESENT A TRUE AND FAIR VIEW OF THE AFFAIRS OF THE ENTITY MATERIALTY IS RELATIVE TO THE SIZE AND PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES

5. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MATERIALITY EXAMPLE A DEFAULT BY A CUSTOMER WHO OWES ONLY RS 1000 TO A COMPANY HAVING NET ASSETS OF WORTH RS 10 MILLIONS IS IMMATERIAL TO THE FS OF THE COMPANY. HOWEVER IF THE AMOUNT OF DEFAULT WAS 2 MILLION, THE INFORMATION WOULD HAVE BEEN MATERIAL TO THE FS, OMISSION OF WHICH COULD CAUSE USERS TO MAKE INCORRECT BUSINESS DECISIONS

6. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING PRUDENCE MEANS THAT NORMALLY ACCOUNTANT WILL TAKE THE FIGURE WHICH WILL UNDERSTATE RATHER THAN OVERSTATE THE PROFITS VERY OFTEN AN ACCOUNTANT HAS TO MAKE A CHOICE AS TO WHICH FIGURE HE WILL TAKE FOR A GIVEN ITEM.

7. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING PRUDENCE THE PRUDENCE CONCEPT MEANS THAT NORMALLY HE WILL TAKE THE FIGURE WHICH WILL UNDERSTATE RATHER THAN OVERSTATE THE PROFIT. ACCOUNT FOR ALL FUTURE LOSSES AND DO NOT ACCOUNT FUTURE GAINS

8. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING PRUDENCE EXAMPLES LAW CASE IN A COURT, LEGAL ADVISOR VIEW 60% CHANCES TO LOOSE – MAKE A PROVISION BOOKING IN A HOTEL (WEEDING HALLS)

9. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING CATEGORIES OF ACCOUNTS

10. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING CATEGORIES OF ACCOUNTS IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 5 CATEGORIES OF ACCOUNTS MAY BE IDENTIFIED 1.ASSET ACCOUNT 2.LIABILITY ACCOUNT 3.EQUITY ACCOUNT 4.REVENUE ACCOUNT 5.EXPENSE ACCOUNT

11. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ASSET ACCOUNT AN ASSET IS ANY RESOURCE THAT ALLOWS A FIRM TO CONDUCT ITS BUSINESS. A TANGIBLE ASSET HAS A PHYSICAL EXISTENCE, AS IN THE CASH OR MACHINE AN INTANGIBLE ASSET HAS NO PHYSICAL EXISTENCE. EXAMPLE: PATENTS ON PRODUCTS, COPYRIGHTS, GOODWILL

12. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ASSET ACCOUNT IN DEVELOPING FINANCIAL RECORDS, ASSETS ARE TYPICALLY DIVIDED INTO 3 AREAS; 1.CURRENT ASSETS 2.FIXED ASSETS 3.INTANGIBLE ASSETS

13. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ASSETS ACCOUNT 1. CURRENT ASSETS: ALL ASSETS THAT WILL BE CONVERTED INTO CASH WITHIN CURRENT ACCOUNTING PERIOD OR WITHIN THE NEXT YEAR AS A RESULT OF THE ORDINARY OPERATIONS OF THE BUSINESS

14. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ASSET ACCOUNT 2. FIXED ASSETS: RESOURCES THAT THE FIRM WILL USE TO GENERATE REVENUE. THESE ASSETS WILL NOT BE CONVERTED INTO CASH IN THE CURRENT ACCOUNTING PERIOD UNLESS THEY ARE DAMAGED, BECOME OBSOLETE.

15. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ASSET ACCOUNT 3. INTANGIBLE ASSET: RESOURCES THAT DO NOT REPRESENT PHYSICAL PROPERTY OR SECURITIES

16. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING LIABILITY ACCOUNT A LIABILITY IS A DEBT OF THE BUSINESS. THESE ARE NORMALLY DIVIDED INTO 3 AREAS; 1.CURRENT LIABILITIES 2.LONG-TERM LIABILITIES 3.OBLIGATIONS UNDER CAPITAL LEASES

17. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING LIABILITY ACCOUNT 1. CURRENT LIABILITIES: DEBTS OF THE FIRM THAT MUST BE PAID DURING THE CURRENT ACCOUNTING PERIOD, NORMALLY ONE YEAR 2. LONG-TERM LIABILITIES: DEBTS OF THE FIRM THAT WILL NOT BE PAID DURING THE NEXT YEAR

18. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING LIABILITY ACCOUNT 3. OBLIGATIONS UNDER CAPITAL LEASES: ALSO CALLED FINANCIAL LEASES, A CAPITAL LEASE IS A LONG- TERM AGREEMENT TO RENT AN ASSET UNDER TERMS SUCH THAT THE AGREEMENT CANNOT BE CANCELED BY EITHER PARTY. THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCE OF SUCH AN AGREEMENT IS THE SAME AS THOUGH THE COMPANY HAD BORROWED MONEY AND PURCHASED THE ASSETS

19. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING EQUITY ACCOUNT EQUITY IS A TERM USED TO REPRESENT THE OWNERSHIP RIGHTS IN A COMPANY. THER TERM CAPITAL IS USED TO REPRESENT OWNERSHIP RIGHTS IN A BANK. IN A CORPORATION, THREE MAJOR TYPES OF EQUITY ACCOUNTS MAY BE IDENTIFIED;

20. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING EQUITY ASSCOUNT 1.PREFERRED STOCK 2.COMMON STOCK 3.RETAINED EARNINGS

21. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING EQUITY ACCOUNT 1. PREFERRED STOCK: An equity security that is given a preference over other stock of a corporation with respect to dividends and return of the stockholders investment if the firm is liquidated

22. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING EQUITY ACCOUNT 2. Common Stock: A security representing the residual ownership of a corporation

23. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING EQUITY ACCOUNT 3. Retained Earnings: The ownership rights that occur because the firm has retained income earned in prior periods and has reinvested such income.

24. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING REVENUE ACCOUNT A revenue is an inflow of assets, not limited to cash, in exchange for goods sold or services rendered. The term sales is commonly used in place of the term revenues. Two types of revenue accounts are commonly found.

25. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING REVENUE ACCOUNT 1) Operating Revenues: Inflows from sales of goods or performance of services in the firm’s main operating areas. 2) Other income: Inflows from investments or others sources not considered part of the firm’s normal operations.

26. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING EXPENSE ACCOUNT An expense is the consumption of any asset while conducting the business of the firm. It may be represented by the payment of cash for materials, labor or other costs associated with goods sold or services rendered.

27. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING EXPENSE ACCOUNT Four types of expense accounts are commonly identified: 1)Cash Expenses: Cost must be paid in cash shortly after they are incurred 2) Noncash Expenses: Costs that reflect the decline in the value of assets that are consumed during the course of business

28. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING EXPENSE ACCOUNT 3) Interest Charges: When the firm borrows money, it must pay interest on the debt. The interest payments are an expense of the business. 4) Taxes other than income taxes: A cash expense when firms must pay state, local, real estate, sales and other taxes

29. A REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING CATEGORIES OF ACCOUNTS IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 5 CATEGORIES OF ACCOUNTS MAY BE IDENTIFIED 1.ASSET ACCOUNT 2.LIABILITY ACCOUNT 3.EQUITY ACCOUNT 4.REVENUE ACCOUNT 5.EXPENSE ACCOUNT