1. Entity-Relationship Modeling II “We don’t live in a world of reality, we live in a world of perceptions.” J. Gerald Simmons

2. Class Outline  Using the ER methodology and notation discussed last day, create a completed entity-relationship model for: a simple university faculty database  What are weak entities?  What is a generalized hierarchy?  What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Entity- Relationship model?  What are some guidelines for determining conceptual methodology?

3. E-R Modeling: University Example  A database is to be set up to record information about faculty, the courses they teach, and the students who take courses. Some courses are taught by teams of faculty members. Step 1. Identify entity types STUDENTFACULTYCOURSE FACULTYCOURSE teaches STUDENTCOURSE takes Step 2. Identify relationships

4. University Example (cont’d)  Step 3. Determine relationship type. Ask: –Each faculty member teaches how many courses? –Each course is taught by how many faculty? –Each student takes how many courses? –Each course is taken by how many students? Use occurrences diagram to visualize relationship between entities F1C1F2C2F3C3F4C4F5C5F6C6F1C1F2C2F3C3F4C4F5C5F6C6 S1C1S2C2S3C3S4C4S5C5S6C6S1C1S2C2S3C3S4C4S5C5S6C6

5. University Example (cont’d)  Step 3. Determine Relationship type (cont’d) For FACULTY-teaches-COURSE we are told each faculty member teaches zero, one, or two courses. We are told some courses are taught by zero, one, two, or three faculty. For STUDENT-takes-COURSE each student enrolls in one to six courses and each course is taken by zero or up to 30 students. FACULTYCOURSE teaches MN This is a many-to-many relationship. STUDENTCOURSE takes MN This, too, is a many-to-many relationship.

6. University Example (cont’d)  Step 4. Determine level of participation FACULTY-teaches-COURSE - level of participation is optional, since sometimes Faculty do not have to teach (e.g., sabbatical); similarly, a course may not have anyone interested in teaching it FACULTYCOURSE MN FACULTYCOURSE teaches MN (0,2)(0,3) STUDENT-takes-COURSE - level of participation is mandatory since students must take at least one course; a course, however, may or may not have students taking it STUDENTCOURSE takes NM (1,6)(0,30)

7. University Example (cont’d)  Step 5. Assign an identifier for each entity FacultyID, CourseID, StudentID  Step 6. Draw completed E-R diagram COURSESTUDENT taken by CourseID,... StudentID,... FACULTY taught by FacultyID,... M N M N (0,30)(1,6) (0,2) (0,3)

8. University Example (cont’d)  You are now told that in addition to the relationships given, each student is assigned a faculty advisor who gives direction in choosing courses.  Use occurrences diagram to visualize relationship between entities  We are told each student is advised by exactly one faculty advisor. We can assume that each faculty member advises zero, one, or more students. This means the additional relationship is of type one-to- many or 1:M.  The STUDENT is on the many side of the relationship and must be advised, therefore, faculty is mandatory to student; FACULTY on the one side of the relationship may or may not have a student, therefore, student is optional to faculty. STUDENTFACULTY advises 1M (0,N)(1,1)

9. University Example (cont’d)  Step 6. Draw completed E-R diagram FACULTY COURSE STUDENT takes taught by CourseID,... StudentID,... FacultyID,... advise s 1 M 1 M 1 M (1,6) (0,30)(0,3) (0,2) (0,N) (1,1) M1 1 M CourseID, FacultyID... StudentID, CourseID...

10. Weak Entities  an entity that has a dependency on the existence of another entity (mandatory participation) and  has a primary key that is partially or totally derived from the parent entity of the relationship  depict weak entity with a double outline EmployeeID,...EmployeeID, DependentID,... CourseID,...CourseID, SectionID,... ` contains ` has a EMPLOYEE DEPENDENT COURSE SECTION

11. Generalization Hierarchy  A subtype entity is an entity that contains a set of optional attributes of the supertype entity and inherits its attributes and its relationships from the supertype entity  If the supertype entity is related to exclusive (can belong to only one subtype) subtype entities, indicate with G; if subtypes are overlapping (can belong to more than one), use Gs subtype supertype CLIENT INDIVIDUALCORPORATE The same identifier (e.g., ClientID) is used for the supertype as well as subtype. CONTRACT PRODUCTSSERVICES G Gs

12. Evaluation of the E-R Model  Using data models to conceptualize the design of a database saves time and money because a completed E-R diagram is the actual blueprint of the database. Its composition must reflect an organization's operations accurately if the database is to meet that organization's data requirements.  The completed E-R diagram also lets the designer communicate more precisely with those who commissioned the database design. It’s easier to correct design flaws at the data modeling stage.  Do not confuse entities and relationships with actual tables. The transformation or decomposition of E-R models will be discussed within the next few weeks.  E-R modeling is an iterative process. Even when complete, ER models generally do not provide a complete picture (e.g., business rules cannot always be shown), therefore, much additional documentation is necessary.

13. 1.Define the problem and define database objectives 2.Analyze current database, assess user requirements, and create data model 3.Design data structures (tables, fields, field specifications, establish keys) 4.Establish table relationships 5.Clarify business rules critical to database design (e.g., required fields, validation rules) 6.Determine and establish user views of data 7.Review data integrity and reiterate design methodology Conceptual Design Methodology

14. Statement of Purpose 1.Declare a specific purpose for the database to focus and guide its development e.g., “The purpose of the All-Star Talent database is to maintain the data we use in support of the entertainment services we provide to our clientele.” 2.Articulate goals & objectives that define specific tasks “We need to maintain complete entertainer information.” “We need to maintain complete customer information.” “We need to track all customer-entertainer bookings.” “We need to maintain financial records of both payments from customers and payments to entertainers.”

15. Assessment of User Requirements: What is analyzed?  interview transcripts  meeting minutes  observational notes  business mission and strategy statements  questionnaire results  document analyses business forms reports flow charts presentations computer-generated output (spreadsheets, graphs, etc.) training manuals consultant reports job descriptions

16. Assessment of User Requirements: Specific requirements  What are subjects/objects for the business?  What characteristics describe each object?  What unique characteristic distinguishes each object from other objects of the same type?  How do you use this data (e.g, summary reports)?  Over what period of time are you interested in this data?  Are all instances of each object the same?  What events occur that imply associations between various objects?  Is each activity or event always handled the same way or are there special circumstances? Goals of analysis of user requirements: collect a list of business goals, entities to track, a database schema, and sample report outputs.

17. Rules for Conducting User Interviews  Create a quiet, stress-free environment; set a limit of six people  Have an agenda - provide it to participants ahead of time  Focus on the problem at hand; maintain control of the interview  Conduct separate interviews for users and management  Identify the decision maker  Avoid technical jargon  Show concern for user needs  Give everyone equal and undivided attention  Write down everything where it can be seen by participants  Encourage ‘blue sky’ thinking  Arbitrate disputes  Keep the pace of the interview moving  Don’t foreclose your options too soon

18. A good designer combines the art of design with the science of design. Characteristics of a Database designer  Knowledge of the problem you are trying to solve  Communication skills - extensive discussions with users  Analytical aptitude - keep in mind the broad goals even while poring over the smallest details  Impertinence - question everything!  Impartiality - find best solution  Relax constraints - assume anything is possible  Pay attention to details and definitions  Reframing - iteratively analyze in new way - be creative!