1. TGJ3M1- Mr. Negru Clement Law

2. 1800 April 24 Dry battery invented by A Volta, ‘Volta’s pile’, made of copper and zinc discs separated by a moistened cloth electrolyte. Other batteries developed by De Luc (1809) and Zamboni (1812) in Italy. This Voltaic pile gave a greatly enhanced net emf for the combination, with a voltage of about 50 volts for a 32- cell pile. In many parts of Europe batteries continue to be called piles. Social Impact: Dry cell batteries have had a huge impact on society and have allowed the development of many portable and cordless electronic devices we use today. Dry Battery SOCAIL NETWORKING

3. 1800 February 11 Existence of infra-red solar rays is discovered by William Herschel and described in An investigation of the powers of prismatic colours to heat and illuminate objects. Herschel finds that infra-red generates most heat. Herschel discovered infrared radiation by passing sunlight through a prism and holding a thermometer just beyond the red end of the visible spectrum. This thermometer was meant to be a control to measure the ambient air temperature in the room. He was shocked when it showed a higher temperature than the visible spectrum. Environmental & Health Impact: Infra-red solar rays have had an environmental and health impact because it was being developed to be heater and it saves more energy. Infra-Red Solar Rays SATELLITES

4. 1803 Modern paper-making machinery is invented by two British brothers after whom the Foudrinier machine is named. The Fourdriniers also bought a mill at St Neots intending to install two machines there and the process and machines continued to develop. Economic Impact: Modern paper-making machinery have had an impact on economic because it has been a huge business that fulfill everyone’s need and developed to the newspaper business nowadays. Modern Paper- Making Machine WRITING

5. 1806 October 7 Carbon paper is patented in London by Ralph Wedgewood. Carbon paper is thin paper coated with a mixture of wax and pigment, which is used between two sheets of ordinary paper to make one or more copies of an original document. Social Impact: Carbon paper had a great impact in social because it is an inexpensive reprographic device used to make a single copy concurrently with the original, as in credit card transaction receipts, legal documents, manuscripts, letters, and other simple forms. Carbon Paper WRITING

6. 1808 Humphrey Davy invents the arc light, in which powerful light is created by passing an electrical current across the gap between two carbon rods held in alignment. As well as light, it also generates heat and smoke. Arc light were also used in some early motion-picture studios to illuminate interior shooting; one problem was that such lights output such a high level of ultra-violet light that many early film actors and actresses needed to wear sunglasses when not in front of the camera to relieve sore eyes resulting from the ultra-violet light. Social Impact: Arc light has had an impact on society that it soon developed into flashlight or torches and brighten the darkness for our society. Arc-Light TELEVISION

7. 1813 Idea of using negatives in photography to allow production of multiple prints is promulgated by English inventor Frederick Scott Archer. Enabling photographers to combine the fine detail of the daguerreotype with the ability to print multiple paper copies like the collotype. Cultural Impact: Idea of using negatives in photography has had an impact on cultural by increasing the contrast when scanning and post processing the scanned images. Negatives In Photograph CAMERA

8. 1814 December 8 Steam-driven cylinder press is used to print The Times in London. The press provided approximately 400 prints per hour. The production of rollers and their drive mechanisms were the major difficulties in building this machine The first form to be printed on this machine. Political Impact: Steam-driven cylinder press has had an impact on political because it leads to an new generation of printing that make us know what is happening around us. Steam-Driven Cylinder Press PRINTING

9. 1816 First experiments in photography are conducted by Frenchman Joseph Nicéphore Nièpce (1765-1833). Some of his early experiments made images, but they faded very fast. Ethical Impact: Experiments in photography has had an impact on ethical because every scene we have in our life can be captured by photography and being collected. Experiments In Photography CAMERA

10. 1819 Flat-bed cylinder printing press is introduced by David Napier. It was designed to print simultaneously on both sides of a sheet of paper and a centrifuge for sugar manufacturing before turning to automobile manufacturing under his grandson Montague Napier. His machines were described as "delicate as any clock could be", and his printing press in particular earned praise by Thomas Curson Hansard. Economic Impact: Flat-bed cylinder printing press has had an impact on economic because it introduces a large amount of job opportunities to people working on the career of newspaper. Flat-Bed Cylinder Printing Press PRINTING

11. 1820 Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) demonstrates sound reproduction. In reality it was a mere sounding box, and the cord was a steel rod that conveyed the vibrations of the music from the several instruments which were played out of sight and ear-shot. At this period Wheatstone made numerous experiments on sound and its transmission. Social Impact: Sound reproduction has had an impact on social because it makes everyone can enjoy the music and lead to an development to the communication. Sound Reproduction ELECTRONIC MUSIC

12. 1822 July First Diorama, combining partially translucent paintings with lighting effects, opened in Paris by Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre (1759-1851) and Claude-Marie Bouton. Cultural Impact: Combining partially translucent paintings with lighting effects has had an impact on cultural because it leads to an tidal current for people to do this effect. Translucent Painting with Lighting Effects WRITING

13. 1822 A multifaceted lens for use in lighthouses is invented in France by Augustin Fresnel. The design enables the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the weight and volume of material that would be required in conventional lens design. Compared to earlier lenses, the Fresnel lens is much thinner, thus passing more light and allowing lighthouses to be visible over much longer distances. Environmental Impact: A multifaceted lens has had an impact on environmental because this invention convenient all the ships traveling on the sea and reduced many accidents on the sea by crashing. Multifaceted Lens SOCIAL NETWORKING

14. 1822 J N Nièpce’s first photograph, requiring nine hours’ exposure, is made using a glass plate coated with bitumen of Judea, which hardens when exposed to light. Social Impact: The first photograph has had a social impact because it prompted deep emotions in us that made us feel fully alive. The First Photography CAMERA

15. 1823 August 2 Weekly New York Mirror and Ladies Literary Gazette, forerunner of the New York Mirror daily newspaper is first published. Political Impact: The first publish of the New York Mirror daily newspaper has had an impact on political because newspaper allows us to know what is going on around us. First Publish of the New York Mirror daily newspaper PRINTING

16. 1825 John Ayrton Paris, an English doctor, invents and produces a commercial version of his Thaumatrope, in which two images on either side of a disc of card threaded with string appear to merge when spun quickly. Cultural Impact: The invention of Thaumatrope has had an impact on cultural because it soon developed into video tape and became more and more popular. Invention of Thaumatrope MOVIE

17. 1827June/ July In France, Dr Joseph Nicéphore Niépce makes photographs on metal plates. Niépce called his process heliography, which literally means "sun writing" and this photograph took 8 hours of exposure time. Economic Impact: Making photographs on metal plates has had an impact on economy because it enhanced the quality of photography and developed the technique of printing photos. Making Photography on Metal Plate CAMERA

18. 1829 Leopoldi Nobili invents the galvanometer. The most familiar use is as an analog measuring instrument, often called a meter. It is used to measure the direct current (flow of electric charge) through an electric circuit. Environmental Impact: The invention of galvanometer has had an impact on environmental because it protect our Earth form being over use the electricity. The Invention of Galvanometer COMPUTER

19. 1840January 10 Penny post begins in UK, the pre-paid flat rate stamp (the 'penny black') guaranteeing delivery anywhere in the country; 112,000 letters are posted in London and use of the mail service grows rapidly hereafter. Social Impact: The pre-paid flat rate stamp has had an impact on social because it is soon being used all around the world for communicating with each other by mail. The stamps is still being used nowadays. The Pre-Paid Flat Rate Stamp SOCIAL NETWORKING

20. 1840 September 21 W H Fox Talbot includes gallic acid in the silver nitrate solution for his photographic system, revealing the latent image and significantly reducing the exposure time. Economic Impact: This process of reducing time of exposure has had an impact on economic because time is significant to everyone, customer can print more photo if exposure time is faster. Reduction of Exposure Time CAMERA

21. 1845 January 1 Samuel Morse opens a 50-mile electric telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore using his code for messages. Social Impact: The opens of electric telegraph line has had an impact on social because it shared a message for a long distance at those days, it indicates the importance of delivering message. The Opens of Electric Telegraph Line TELEPHONE

22. 1851 November First successful submarine cable is laid between Dover and Calais by Thomas Crampton’s Submarine Cable Company, creating a continuous telegraph link between London and Paris. The four copper wires, sheathed in gutta percha and a protective iron rope, lasts 37 years. Social Impact: The successful submarine cable settlement has had an impact on social because this invention has an introduction to long distance telegraph which is important to communication technology. The Successful Submarine Cable Settlement PHONE

23. 1857 March 25 Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville (Léon Scott) is granted French patent number 19,457 for his 'Phonautograph' cylinder recorder, which records lateral movements of a vibrating stylus via a membrane on the lampblacked surface of paper wrapped around a rotating cylinder. The device goes into production for several years and is sold for use in laboratory measurement and analysis of sounds. There is no means of playing back recordings. Cultural Impact: The invention of 'Phonautograph’ has had an impact on cultural because it introduces an device of recording sounds which is important to the technology of sound recording. The Invention of 'Phonautograph’ SOUND RECORD

24. 1858 August 5 2:45am First telegraph message by undersea cable is sent between Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and Valentia, Ireland. The project's supervising engineer, Charles Bright, is knighted for his work; the engineer on HMS Agamemnon is William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin). The rate of transmission is about four words a minute. Political Impact: The successful transmission of the first telegraph message has had an impact on political because the transmission can bring us the information immediately. The Successful Transmission of The First Telegraph Message TELEPHIONE

25. 1861 December German Johann Philipp Reis (1834- 1874) invents a Telephon, using vibrating membranes connected to an electromagnetic receiver. He is a German physicist who constructed a precursor of the electric telephone. Economic Impact: The invention of Telephon has had an impact on economic because it produced a supply for people who need to communicate in a new way, in order to send a mail. The Invention of Telephon TELEPHONE

26. 1863 F B Fenby, an inventor in Worcester, Massachusetts, is granted a US patent for an 'electro-mechanical phonograph', which is never constructed. This marks the first use of the word 'phonograph'. His concept detailed a system that would record a sequence of keyboard strokes onto paper tape. Social Impact: The invention of ‘phonograph’ has had an impact on social because it helps to make this technology became popular. The Invention of ‘phonograph’ SOUND RECORD

27. 1875 June 3 Intelligible speech transmitted by Alexander Graham Bell using a magnetic microphone. This led to the "gallows" sound-powered telephone, which was able to transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech. Cultural Impact: The use of magnetic microphone has had an impact on cultural because it has led to a development of telephone which generates us to use telephone nowadays. The Use of Magnetic Microphone VIDEO

28. 1890 December 16 In Japan, a telephone switching system is inaugurated at Tatsunokuchi, Tokyo and a telephone service is established between Tokyo (155 subscribers at launch) and Yokohama (42 subscribers). following verbal instructions produced by a computer, has both hands and both eyes free to concentrate on wiring a telephone switching system assembly. Economic Impact: The formation of a telephone switching system has had an impact on economic because it requires labour force on doing this job, therefore it can increase an country's GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Formation of A Telephone Switching System TELEPHONE

29. 1895 November 8 X-rays are discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen. Röntgen discovered its medical use when he saw a picture of his wife's hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays. His wife's hand's photograph was the first ever photograph of a human body part using. Health Impact: The discovery of X-rays has had an impact on environmental and health because it can offer patients an immediately treatment from bone injury. The Discovery of X-rays CAMERA

30. 1899 March 27 Marconi receives the first wireless signals across the English Channel at his ship-to- shore station at South Foreland Lighthouse near Dover from Boulogne, France. Political Impact: The successful receive of the first wireless signals has had an impact on political because leads to a revolution in communication technology that maintain an connection from a long distance. The Successful Receive of The First Wireless Signals VIDEO

31. 1904 April Several inventors, scientists, and engineers contributed to the development of radar. The first to use radio waves to detect "the presence of distant metallic objects" was Christian Hülsmeyer, who in 1904 demonstrated the feasibility of detecting the presence of a ship in dense fog, but not its distance. Political Impact: The invention of radar has had an impact on social and military because it conveniences people to know where they are in the ocean and avoided many accidents. The Invention of radar SOCIAL NETWORKING

32. 1929 January 4 Radio Corporation of America and the Victor Talking Machine Company agree to a takeover in which, although described as 'a new joint company', the latter becomes the RCA Victor division of the former (which acquires Marconi patents). RCA pays $5 cash plus one share of common stock and one of $5.00 preferred stock for each share in Victor. Victor had made a net profit of $7,324,019 in 1928. Economic Impact: It has had an economic impact because it indicated the combination of a radio can make a high profit. “A New Joint Company” VIDEO

33. 1939 May 17 First televised baseball game is between Princeton and Columbia universities at Baker's Field, New York. The contest was aired on W2XBS, an experimental station in New York City which would ultimately become WNBC-TV. The game was announced by Bill Stern. Cultural Impact: The first televised baseball game has had an impact on cultural because it established a general mood that people would rather watch the live games at home. The First Televised Baseball Game TELEVISION

34. 1949 March Canadian parliament authorises a television service, spurred by the developments in the US that could be viewed across the border. The recently appointed Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences (the Massey Commission) is to consider implementation. Political Impact: The authorisation of the television service has had an political impact because it can maintain a good openness of the politics to the citizens. The Authorisation of The Television Service TELEVISION

35. 1965 Charles K. Kao and George A. Hockham of the British company Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) were the first to promote the idea that the attenuation in optical fibers could be reduced below 20 decibels per kilometer (dB/km), allowing fibers to be a practical medium for communication. They proposed that the attenuation in fibers available at the time was caused by impurities, which could be removed, rather than fundamental physical effects such as scattering. Professor Charles Kuen Kao is a Chinese pioneer in the use of fiber optics in telecommunications. Social Impact: The invention of fiber optics has had an social impact because it has expedited the use of telephone and internet. The Invention of Fiber Optics INTERNET

36. 1959 August 14 First photographs of the Earth from space are transmitted by the Explorer 6 satellite. Social Impact: The First photographs of the Earth from space has had an impact on social because it can manifest the technology of human being that can take an picture from the space. The First Photographs of The Earth From Space COMPUTER

37. 1969 April Sony announces its first colour videocassette recorder. Known as the Magazine Videocorder, it uses one- inch tape running at 3.25 ips giving 60 minutes’ recording time. Sony’s one-inch videotape recorder model EV310, costing £1,200, is introduced this year. Economic Impact: The Videocorder has had an impact on economic because it started the climate of video recording to make a film which became one of the largest business in the world. The “Videocorder” VIDEO

38. 1976 April 1 Apple was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, to sell the Apple I personal computer kit. Economic Impact: The establish of Apple has had an impact on economic because the production of the iPod have being sold out all over the world, approximately 1.21 billion dollars. The Establish of Apple COMPUTER

39. 1979 July 1 Sony launches the model TPS- L2 pocket-sized audio cassette player with earphones in Japan. It is called the Walkman. Social Impact: The invention of the Walkman has had an impact on social because it make people are able to hear music in everywhere and anytime they want. The Invention of The Walkman ELECTRONIC MUSIC

40. 1988 Sharp Corporation introduced the first commercial LCD television, a 14" model. These were offered primarily as boutique items for discerning customers, and were not aimed at the general market. Economic Impact: The introduction of the first LCD television has had an impact on economic because it caused a revolution in television technology that many people prefer using LCD TV than CRT TV. The Introduction of The First LCD Television TELEVISION

41. 1989 November 7 BBC Television transmits the first programme bought form an ITV company: Granada Television’s What the Papers Say had been on ITV for 26 years and then Channel Four for eight years. Cultural Impact: The transition of the TV programme has had an impact on cultural because it attracted more and more people to watch television. The Transition of The TV Programme TELEVISION

42. 1998 January 19 Titanic becomes the first film to take more than $20millions on each of the first five weekends on release in the US. Cultural Impact: The influence of the movie Titanic has had an impact on cultural because it draw audience attention the occupation of movie. The Influence of The Movie Titanic MOVIE

43. 1998 September 7 Google search engine company is founded by Sergey Brin and Larry Page, former students of Stanford University. Google is the most-used search engine on the Web. Google receives several hundred million queries each day through its various services. Social Impact: The searching engine company, Google has had an impact on social because this engine allows their client to researching information in plenty of time and satisfactory results. The Foundation of Google INTERNET

44. 2000 March 4 Sony launches its PlayStation 2 games console. The PlayStation 2 (often shortened to PS2) is a sixth- generation video game console manufactured by Sony. The PS2 console is the sequel to the original PlayStation console. Economic Impact: The development of Play Station has had an economic impact because it led to an engagement of its primary competitors, Sega's Dreamcast,Microso ft's Xbox, and Nintendo's GameCube. The Development of Play Station VIDEO GAMES

45. 2003 November Chinese manufacturers display the Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) in Beijing as a next-generation contender to succeed DVD. Developed by China’s Beijing E-world Technology and the US technology company On2 Technologies, it is supported by 10 leading Chinese consumer electronics manufacturers and has been approved by the Standards Administration of China. It stores 120 minutes of high definition content on a dual-layer 9 Gb DVD disc. Economic Impact: The new generation contender has had an economic impact because this kind of Disc has a lower prime cost and it has the same quality of content. The New Generation Contender VIDEO RECORD

46. 2004 June Specifications for the HD-DVD ROM high definition video disc format are approved by the DVD Forum. It supports both MPEG-4 and Microsoft's VC-1 compression technologies. Cultural Impact: Specifications for the HD-DVD ROM has had a cultural impact because it provides customer another choice to visually enjoy the quality of high definition scenery. Specifications for The HD-DVD ROM VIDEO RECORD

47. 2005 June 28 Sony demonstrates what it claims is the first commercially available 4K digital cinema projector, model SRX-R100. Conforming to the Digital Cinema Initiative (DCI) specifications for 'high-end' digital cinema presentations, it accepts 2K or high- definition sources and processes them for display as 4K. The first unit is installed in the Nova Kino at Trondheim, Norway. Social Impact: The demonstration of the digital cinema projector has had a social impact because it promoted the use of projector convert into more and more common that many family can afford to purchase. The Demonstration of The Digital Cinema Projector VIDEO

48. 2006 May 15 BBC HD is a high-definition television channel provided by the BBC. The broadcasts are generally six to nine hours per day. When high- definition programs are not being shown, the channel broadcasts a looped preview containing clips from BBC HD programmers. Social Impact: The high definition television channel has had an social impact because it popularized the audience to watch television in high definition. The High Definition Television Channel TELEVISION

49. 2007 January Dual-format HD DVD/Blu-ray Disc hardware and software are introduced. The BD- ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and movie software (content). Social Impact: The introduction of Dual-format HD DVD/Blu-ray Disc hardware and software has had a social impact because it offered users to store more information than the past. HD DVD/Blu-ray Disc hardware and software VIDEO RECORD

50. 2008 May 26 IBM's latest supercomputer, Roadrunner, achieves a processing rate of one million billion calculations a second—known as a petaflop. The Roadrunner, a massive machine occupying 6,000 square feet of space, this week achieved a peak of 1.026 petaflops, or just over one million billion calculations per second. Just ten years ago, the fastest supercomputer in the world would have taken 20 years to finish a problem the Roadrunner is capable of finishing in a week. Social Impact: The achievement of this super computer has had an impact on social because it symbolized our technology has stepped into a new century. Super Computer COMPUTER

51. 2008 June 9 Apple introduces the third-generation (3G) iPhone. Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. Apple has since released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories. Social Impact: The introduction of iPhone 3G has had a social impact because it affected people all around the world “addicted” to this telephone. iPhone 3G CELL PHONE