1. Whatcom Fair Voting Welcomes you Please watch the next slides, and see whether they are “right”....... Here is your Logic and Accuracy Test.

2. Math Program Example One:

3. input 2

4. input 3 ____________________________

5. input 2 input 3 ____________________________ output 5

6. Math Program Examples Two, and more:

7. input 3

8. input 4 ____________________________

9. input 3 input 4 ____________________________ output 7

10. input 12345

11. input 11111 __________________________________

12. input 12345 input 11111 __________________________________ output 23456

13. input 100

14. input -1

15. input 100 input -1 ____________________________ output 99

16. So......... What does this math program do? (those examples are re-displayed on the next slide)

17. input 2 input 3 ______ output 5 input 3 input 4 ______ output 7 input 12345 input 11111 ___________ output 23456 input 100 input -1 _________ output 99

18. So......... What does this math program do? Or, even more simply,

19. What would the output be for the following example:

20. input 555 input 444 ____________________________ output ?

21. Well, if you're being asked this question on the math portion of the SAT test (which is known NOT to be malicious) you can safely answer:

22. "It adds the two numbers input!" with an instruction like:..........

23. INPUT X INPUT Y IF X and Y are NUMBERS THEN ____________________ OUTPUT = X+Y (that’s the program code, logically)

24. input 555 input 444 ____________________________ output 999 ( it’s logical, right?) so: would give:

25. But what if....??? The real program code was.......

26. INPUT X INPUT Y ( IF ( X = 555 AND Y = 444 ) <-- “special case”

27. INPUT X INPUT Y ( IF ( X = 555 AND Y = 444 ) THEN ( OUTPUT ……. (are you watching? programming code uses “logic”; IF “THIS” is a special case, THEN do “THAT”. )

28. INPUT X INPUT Y ( IF ( X = 555 AND Y = 444 ) THEN ( OUTPUT "HOLY SMOKE BATMAN!") OR ELSE ( OUTPUT = X+Y ) ) (Oh, that’s not what you expected?)

29. So, the result of that special case would be....

30. input 555 input 444 ____________________________ output HOLY SMOKE BATMAN

31. And that’s the “right” answer, because the instructions say so.

32. But unless you either came upon that special case by sheer luck,...... or..... You actually read all the lines of the program code, you’d never know!

33. “Logical” conclusion: No test can “prove” that the program “does not have” some special case tucked away inside it.

34. “L&A” tests (*) only find accidental errors, not intentional variations. (*)L&A= ”Logic & Accuracy”

35. The ONLY WAY to verify the workings of computer code is to review every step written into the code....every step!

36. A review of every step written into the code is necessary, so a trusted inspector can see the way the counting is done for EVERY CASE, even odd, special cases...... in fact,.....

37. A review looking for odd, special cases is especially necessary, so no unexpected results could be written into the procedures, because that’s the only way they could be found.

38. And that is what we insist must be done with the programs that get and count your votes, because......

39. If you cannot trust the way the votes are counted, then.....

40. If you cannot trust the way the votes are counted, then nothing much else in politics matters.

41. Insist on a voter-verified paper ballot at the polling- place - archived for auditing recounts, so that….. an external, independent audit of votes is possible...and

42. and..... “public source” software code, to allow inspectors to look for odd, special cases, so no unexpected results could be written into the procedures.

43. paper ballots and open source software Thanks for caring, Whatcom Fair Voting Rev 4 web source: http://www.nas.com/beddill/fairvoting/