1. Moons of Saturn 14 October 2013

4. Iapetus

5. Mimas

6. Enceladus

7. Most large Jovian Planet satellites are smaller than our moon. Based on the geological principles controlling Terrestrial Planets, we expect cold, dead worlds, covered by craters… Io Europa Triton Enceladus Titan (Jupiter) (Neptune) (Saturn) NOT SO!

8. Instead, we got Io (left) Enceladus (right) and other active moons.

9. Enceladus… the next Io??? Enceladus --- the next Io?

10. Magnetic perturbation -> local ionization Stellar occultation -> gas in plumes

11. So, what is cryovolcanism?

12. Enceladus’ Cryovolcanic Style

13. Enceladus jets: water escapes at ~200 kg/sec! Io’s eruptions don’t reach escape velocity! Why the difference?

14. UVIS UVIS has 4 separate channels: Far UltraViolet (FUV) 110 to 190 nm 3 slit widths => 2.8, 4.8, 24.9 nm spectral resolution 2D detector: 1024 spectral x 64 one- mrad spatial pixels Extreme UltraViolet (EUV) 55 to 110 nm 3 slit widths => 2.8, 4.8, 19.4 nm spectral resolution 2D detector: 1024 spectral x 64 one- mrad spatial pixels Solar occultation port High Speed Photometer (HSP) 2 - 8 msec time resolution Hydrogen – Deuterium Absorption Cell (HDAC) For the occultations we used the HSP with 2 msec time resolution FUV with 512 spectral channels (1.56 nm resolution), 5 sec integration time

15. UVIS UVIS has 4 separate channels: Far UltraViolet (FUV) 110 to 190 nm 3 slit widths => 2.8, 4.8, 24.9 nm spectral resolution 2D detector: 1024 spectral x 64 one- mrad spatial pixels Extreme UltraViolet (EUV) 55 to 110 nm 3 slit widths => 2.8, 4.8, 19.4 nm spectral resolution 2D detector: 1024 spectral x 64 one- mrad spatial pixels Solar occultation port High Speed Photometer (HSP) 2 - 8 msec time resolution Hydrogen – Deuterium Absorption Cell (HDAC) For the occultations we used the HSP with 2 msec time resolution FUV with 512 spectral channels (1.56 nm resolution), 5 sec integration time

16. Plume Composition is Water Vapor The absorption spectrum of water is shown compared to Enceladus’ plume spectrum (I/I 0 ) for a water column density of n = 1.5 x 10 16 cm -2 I=I 0 exp (-n*  ) I 0 computed from 25 unocculted samples n = column density  = absorption cross-section, function of wavelength

17. Estimation of Enceladus Water Flux S = flux = N * h 2 * v = n/h * h 2 * v = n * h * v Where N = number density / cm 3 h 2 = area v = velocity n = column density measured by UVIS Estimate h from plume dimension, = 80 km Estimate v from thermal velocity of water molecules in vapor pressure equilibrium with warm ice (600 m/sec for surface temperature ~ 180K – note that escape velocity = 230 m/sec) S = 1.5 x 10 16 * 80 x 10 5 * 60 x 10 3 = 0.7 x 10 28 H 2 O molecules / sec = 200 kg / sec h v

18. Plume Structure (2005) Water vapor abundance calculated from each 5 sec spectrum. The 2005 water profile is best fit by an exponential curve. The best fit scale length is 80 km

19. Enceladus Plume Occultation of zeta Orionis October 2007 In October 2007 zeta Orionis was occulted by Enceladus’ plume Perfect geometry to get a horizontal cut through the plume and detect density variations indicative of gas jets Objective was to see if there are gas jets corresponding to dust jets detected in images

20. Groundtrack of Ray 2005 2007

21. Enhanced HSP absorption features a, b, c, and d can be mapped to dust jets located by Spitale and Porco (2007) along the tiger stripes

22. Plume or jets? The plume of gas and dust from Enceladus includes a number of individual jets seen by Cassini camera and by UVIS

23. Best fit of 8 sources from Spitale & Porco to match UVIS occultation profile

24. Brightness of water vapor over Enceladus South pole from UVIS 8-jet model

26. Tiger Stripes

27. IR images -> Temperature: Tiger Stripes are warm.

28. Tiger Stripes close-up

29. Even closer!