1. First Aid for Accidents and Injuries
Chapter 56
First Aid for Accidents and Injuries
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2. Accidents and Injuries
Knowing basic first aid is critical
Seek medical assistance if unsure or untrained to render aid
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Foreign Bodies
In the eye
Remove with fold of tissue or moistened cotton
Turn upper lid over swab and remove >>
Flush with water
Embedded material requires medical intervention
Cover both eyes with compress
Advise not to rub
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Foreign Bodies
In the ear
Instill warm water; then drain
Avoid oil with smooth objects
Irrigate out objects that will not swell with water
In the nose
Irrigate or reach with forceps
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Foreign Bodies
Swallowed items
Will move through the body and be eliminated
Splinters
Use needle or thumb forceps
Area washed and covered with adhesive bandage
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Foreign Bodies
Fish hook
Removal techniques
Clean and dress wounds
Tetanus and antibiotic
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Strains and Sprains
Strains
Rest in comfortable position
Ice then heat
Analgesic or muscle relaxers
Sprains
Elevate
Apply ice first hours
Elastic bandage for support
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Dislocations
Usually severe pain and deformity at joint
Immobilize and get medical attention
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Fractures
Closed or simple
Open or compound
Control bleeding
Splint as is
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Fractures
Treat for shock
Check pulse, motor and sensory reflexes
Medical attention as soon as possible
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Bites and Stings
Can come from humans, animals, or insects
Can be superficial or break the skin
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Bites
Animal bites
Cleanse thoroughly
Provider examination
Report bite to authorities
Observe animal
Anti-rabies serum if rabid or animal status not available
Snake bites
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Bites
Human bites
Skin surface breaks and biter has bleeding gums
Give hepatitis B immunization
Tetanus injection
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Stings
Number of stings is a factor
Allergic response
Restlessness
Shortness of breath with cyanotic skin
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Need for emergency kit
Remove stinger by scraping
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Burns
Types
Thermal
Chemical
Electrical
Degree of skin involvement
First-degree
Second-degree
Third- and fourth-degree
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16. Classification of Burns
Based on percentage of body surface area and degree of skin involvement
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Treatment of Burns
Minor burn
Treat with cold water
No butter or ointment
No ice (due to frostbite possibility)
Photosensitive drugs increase sunburn risk
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Treatment of Burns
Second-degree
Can involve prevention of shock
Remove jewelry, due to edema
Force fluids
Cover area with sterile dressing
Provider breaks blisters
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Treatment of Burns
Third- and fourth-degree
Immediate medical treatment
Surgical intervention possible
Replacement fluids by IV
Pain medication and tetanus
No cleaning, cover with sterile dressing
Treatment for shock
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Treatment of Burns
Electrical
Remove victim from electrical source
Electrical shut-off
Water conduction danger
Administer CPR if in arrest
Treat burn as non-electrical
Damage along conduction path
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Treatment of Burns
Chemical
Remove clothing from area
Brush off dry chemical first
Flood with water
Cover with sterile dressing
If in eye, flush for 20 minutes and have provider examine
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Use of Heat and Cold
Disposable packs, activate and reuse
May place in covering or towel
Use on 20 minutes, off 10
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Cold Applications
Decreases local circulation
Provides local anesthetic
Relieves inflammation
Controls bleeding and swelling
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Heat Applications
Increases tissue temperature
Increases circulation
Increases healing
Decreases pain
Relieves congestion in deep tissues
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Wounds
Abrasions, scrapes of epidermis
Treat by cleaning and applying dressing
Avulsion
Clean and replace flap of torn skin
Incision, clean cut by sharp object
May require Steri-strips or sutures to close
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Wounds
Laceration, tearing of the tissue
Hard to clean and close
Puncture
From pointed object or bite
Clean thoroughly
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Cleaning Wounds
Clean and assess
Wash (Betadine) or other antibacterial agent
Apply disinfectant
Pressure bandage is applied
Prepare suture setup
With severe bleeding, initial cleaning is delayed until medical care is received
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28. Dressing and Bandaging Wounds
Apply nonstick dressing
Bandage with appropriate material
Tubular gauze and cylinder
Open or closed spiral
Figure-eight
Cravat from triangular bandage
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Bandaging
Figure Eight
Cravat
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