1. Basic Human values: An overview
Theory, Methods, and Applications

2. Introduction to the Values Theory
Are criteria people use to evaluate actions, people, and events.
Each of us holds numerous values with
varying degrees of importance.

3. The Ten basic values
Ten motivationally basic values are derived from three universal requirements of the human conditions.
Needs, social interaction, and survival.
Intended to include all the core values recognized in cultures around the world.
Self direction
Stimulation
Hedonism
Achievement
Power
Security
Conformity
Tradition
Benevolence
Universalism

4. The Structure of Value Relations

5. Applying the ten values to the case
“Gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own life as they wish”
- Conformity and Tradition values are negatively related to personal freedom of gay people.
- Hedonism and Universalism values are positively related to freedom for gays.

6. Sources of Value Priorities
People’s background:
Age, Gender, Education
Life circumstances
Value Priorities

7. Pattern of Value Relations with Other Variables
Variables: gender, age, education, socialization, and learning experiences
Value theory: a coherent structure enables us to treat peoples’ value systems (the Ten Values)
values that are close in the structure, should have similar association with others
when association of values with other variables most positively, the opposite of the circle values would view the most negatively associated values

8. Age Influences Values Age influences values:
Cohorts (partners)
Physical Aging
Life Stage
Cohorts: effects on people's lives that arise from the characteristics of the historical periods during which they experienced in their stages of life such as childhood or middle age. (e.g., war, depression)
i.e. elders give higher priority to materialist values than younger due to economic and physical insecurity experience in adolescence.
While youngers give greater priority to self-direction, stimulation and less priority to security and tradition values

9. Age Influences Values
Physical Aging: strength, energy, cognitive speed, memory and sharpness of sense decline with age
when age arises…..
Security values more important
While, stimulation values less important because risks are more threatening; and hedonism and achievement are less important
Life Stage: opportunities, demands, and constraints in life stages cause age differences in values
In early adulthood, work and family establishing is primary concern
In middle adulthood, stable work and family and maintain social networks

10. Gender Influences Values
Psychoanalytic Theorists
Women are more related and affiliated.
Men are more autonomous and individuated.
Cultural Feminist theories
Women show more concern for an ethic of care and responsibility.
Men focus more on an ethic of rights based on justice and fairness.
Social Role Theorists
Women assume more expressive, person-oriented roles
Men engage in and learn more instrumental, task-oriented roles

11. Education Influences Values
Educational Experiences
Increase the openness to non-routine ideas and activity central to stimulation values and self-direction values.
Education correlates positively with achievement values
The constant grading
Comparing of performance in schools
The higher priority to universalism values, the higher education we seek

12. Sources of Value Priorities
People’s background:
Age, Gender, Education
Life circumstances
Value Priorities

13. The Schwartz Value Survey (SVS)

14. The Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ)