1. Linked Structures - Review Chapter 13 Instructor: Scott Kristjanson CMPT 125/125 SFU Burnaby, Fall 2013

2. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 2 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 2 Scope Introduction to Linked Structures :  Object references as links  Linked vs. array-based structures  Managing linked lists  Linked implementation of a stack

3. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 3 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 3 Linked Structures An alternative to array-based implementations are linked structures A linked structure uses object references to create links between objects Recall that an object reference variable holds the address of an object

4. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 4 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 4 Linked Lists A Person object could contain a reference to another Person public class Person { private String name; private String addr; private Person next; // Link to Another Person object } A series of Person objects could make up a linked list:

5. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 5 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 5 Linked Non-Linear Structures Links could also be used to form more complicated, non-linear structures This is called a graph

6. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 6 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 6 Linked Lists There are no index values built into linked lists To access each node in the list you must follow the references from one node to the next Person current = firstPerson; while (current != null) { System.out.println(current); current = current.next; }

7. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 7 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 7 Linked Lists – Inserting a node in the Middle 1.Set the “next” member in obj to refer to the next object in the list 2.Set the “next” member of the previous object to refer to the new object 1 2 x obj nextprev

8. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 8 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 8 Linked Lists – Inserting a node at the front Care must be taken to maintain the integrity of the links To insert a node at the front of the list, first point the new node to the front node, then reassign the front reference

9. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 9 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 9 Linked Lists – Deleting the First Node To delete the first node, reassign the front reference accordingly If the deleted node is needed elsewhere, a reference to it must be established before reassigning the front pointer

10. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 10 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 10 Put Linked List Details into separate Node Class So far we've assumed that the list contains nodes that are self-referential ( Person points to a Person ) But often we'll want to make lists of objects that don't contain such references Solution: have a separate Node class that forms the list and holds a reference to the objects being stored Node Person Node Person

11. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 11 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 11 Doubly Linked Lists There are many variations on the basic linked list concept For example, we could create a doubly-linked list with next and previous references in each node and a separate pointer to the rear of the list next previous Node Person Node Person Node Person Node Person Node Person Node Person

12. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 12 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 12 Implementing a Stack using Links Let's implement a stack using a linked list to hold the elements Our LinkedStack class stores a generic type T and implements the same StackADT interface used previously A separate LinearNode class forms the list and hold a reference to the element stored An integer count will store how many elements are currently in the stack

13. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 13 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 13 LinkedStack public class LinkedStack implements StackADT { private int count; private LinearNode top; /** * Creates an empty stack. */ public LinkedStack() { count = 0; top = null; } LinearNode top int count LinkedStack Linear Node

14. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 14 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 14 LinearNode public class LinearNode { private LinearNode next; private T element; public LinearNode() { next = null; element = null; } public LinearNode(T elem) { next = null; element = elem; } public LinearNode getNext() { return next;} public void setNext(LinearNode node) { next = node;} public T getElement() { return element;} public void setElement(T elem) { element = elem;} } LinearNode next T element LinearNode top Object of Class T Linear Node

15. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 15 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 15 Implementing a Stack using Links Since all activity on a stack happens on one end, a single reference to the front of the list will represent the top of the stack Linear Node T Linear Node T Linear Node T Linear Node T Linear Node T Linear Node T

16. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 16 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 16 Implementing a Stack using Links The stack after A, B, C, and D are pushed, in that order:

17. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 17 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 17 Implementing a Stack using Links After E is pushed onto the stack:

18. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 18 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 18 package jsjf; /** * Represents a node in a linked list. * * @author Java Foundations * @version 4.0 */ public class LinearNode { private LinearNode next; private T element; /** * Creates an empty node. */ public LinearNode() { next = null; element = null; } /** * Creates a node storing the specified element. * @param elem element to be stored */ public LinearNode(T elem) { next = null; element = elem; } Implementing a Stack using Links

19. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 19 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 19 /** * Returns the node that follows this one. * @return reference to next node */ public LinearNode getNext() { return next; } /** * Sets the node that follows this one. * @param node node to follow this one */ public void setNext(LinearNode node) { next = node; } /** * Returns the element stored in this node. * @return element stored at the node */ public T getElement() { return element; } /** * Sets the element stored in this node. * @param elem element to be stored at this node */ public void setElement(T elem) { element = elem; } Implementing a Stack using Links

20. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 20 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 20 package jsjf; import jsjf.exceptions.*; import java.util.Iterator; /** * Represents a linked implementation of a stack. * * @author Java Foundations * @version 4.0 */ public class LinkedStack implements StackADT { private int count; private LinearNode top; /** * Creates an empty stack. */ public LinkedStack() { count = 0; top = null; } Implementing a Stack using Links

21. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 21 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 21 /** * Adds the specified element to the top of this stack. * @param element element to be pushed on stack */ public void push(T element) { LinearNode temp = new LinearNode (element); temp.setNext(top); top = temp; count++; } /** * Removes the element at the top of this stack and returns a * reference to it. * @return element from top of stack * @throws EmptyCollectionException if the stack is empty */ public T pop() throws EmptyCollectionException { if (isEmpty()) throw new EmptyCollectionException("stack"); T result = top.getElement(); top = top.getNext(); count--; return result; } Implementing a Stack using Links

22. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 22 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 22 Implementing a Stack using Links

23. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 23 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 23 Key Things to take away: Linked Objects: Object Reference variables can be used to create linked structures A Linked List is composed on objects that each point to the next in the list Objects stored in a collection should not contain any implementation details of the underlying data structure that The order in which references are changed are very important Dealing with the first node in the list often requires special handling A Linked List implementation of a Stack adds elements to, or removes elements from, one end of the linked list. Queues, Trees, and other structures can be created with Linked Objects

24. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 24 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 24 Practice Array Questions Problem 1: Write a program that shuffles a deck of cards, then deals out 5 cards each to two players. Problem 2: Create a method that accepts two 2-dimensional arrays A and B as formal parameters and returns the matrix product A*B. Problem 3: What is wrong with Bob’s Array code? Problem 4: Write a method called sumArray that accepts an array of floating point values and returns the sum of the values stored in the array Problem 5: Write a method called sum2DArray that accepts an int[][] array and sums all the numbers in the array and returns the sum of the values stored in the array.

25. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 25 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 25 Problem 1: Write a program to shuffle and deal cards Step 1: Create the Shuffled Deck using a Stack for(int i=0; i<Card.numSuits*Card.numValues; i++) { boolean foundNextCard = false; int tries = 0; while (!foundNextCard) { int cardValue = valueGen.nextInt(Card.numValues); int cardSuit = suitGen.nextInt(Card.numSuits ); tries++; if (cardDealt[cardSuit][cardValue] == false) { Card nextCard = new Card(cardValue+1, cardSuit); deckOfCards.push(nextCard); cardDealt[cardSuit][cardValue] = true; foundNextCard = true; System.out.println("Card "+(i+1)+" : "+ nextCard+" found after "+tries+" tries"); } } }

26. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 26 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 26 Problem 1: Write a program to shuffle and deal cards Step 2: Deal five cards to each player for(int p=0; p<numPlayers; p++) for(int c=0; c<numCardsPerHand; c++) hand[p][c] = deckOfCards.pop();

27. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 27 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 27 Problem 1: Write a program to shuffle and deal cards Step 3: Display both player’s hands for(int p=0; p<numPlayers; p++) { System.out.println("\nPlayer "+p+" hand:"); for(int c=0; c<numCardsPerHand; c++) { System.out.println( "Card " + c + ": "+hand[p][c]); } }

28. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 28 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 28 Problem 1: Write a program to shuffle and deal cards Discussion: How does a Card get converted to a String? System.out.println("Card "+c+": "+hand[p][c]); Using the toString method from the Card class! public String toString() { if (value == 0) return "Joker"; else return cardNames[value]+" of "+suit; } enum Suit {Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs, Spades}; private final static String[] cardNames = {"Joker","Ace", "Two", "Three","Four","Five", "Six", "Seven","Eight","Nine","Ten", "Jack","Queen","King"};

29. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 29 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 29 Problem 2: Method to return the matrix product A*B. public static int[][] matrixMultiply(int[][] A, int [][] B) { int aRows = A.length; int aCols = A[0].length; int bRows = B.length; int bCols = B[0].length; int N = A.length; // Assume A and B are both NxN if (aCols != bRows) throw new IllegalArgumentException( "A Columns: " + aCols + " did not match number of B Rows " + bRows); int[][] C = new int[aRows][bCols]; for (int i = 0; i < aRows; i++) // A Row for (int j = 0; j < bCols; j++) // B Column for (int k = 0; k < aCols; k++) // A Column C[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j]; return C; }

30. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 30 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 30 And the Winner for best TicTacToe GUI is… Curtis Babnik Human vs Smarter: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZyvR0v3ixshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZyvR0v3ixs Human vs Learns : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t87UFMKbegEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t87UFMKbegE

31. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 31 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 31 TicTacToe UML A UML Diagram using a Eclipse UML Plugin:

32. Slides based on Java Foundations 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase 32 Scott Kristjanson – CMPT 125/126 – SFU Wk14.1 Slide 32 References: 1.J. Lewis, P. DePasquale, and J. Chase., Java Foundations: Introduction to Program Design & Data Structures. Addison-Wesley, Boston, Massachusetts, 3rd edition, 2014, ISBN 978-0-13-337046-1