1. Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC Compared to Experimental Results Konstantin Goulianos The Rockefeller University 1 http://physics.rockefeller.edu/dino/my.html ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics (ICNFP-2013) Aug 28 – Sep 5, 2013, Kolymbari, Crete, Greece http://indico.cern.ch/event/icnfp2013

2.  Total pp cross section: predicted in a unitarized parton model approach, which does not employ eikonalization and does not depend on the  -value.  Diffractive cross sections:  SD - single dissociation: one of the protons dissociates.  DD - double dissociation: both protons dissociate.  CD – central diffraction: neither proton dissociates, but there is central diffractive production of particles.  Triple-Pomeron coupling: uniquely determined. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 2  This is an updated version of a talk presented at EDS-2013. CONTENTS

3. DIFFRACTION IN QCD Diffractive events  Colorless vacuum exchange   -gaps not suppressed Non-diffractive events  color-exchange   -gaps exponentially suppressed POMERONPOMERON Goal : probe the QCD nature of the diffractive exchange rapidity gap p ppp p ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 3

4. DEFINITIONS MXMX dN/d  ,t,t p’ rap-gap  =-ln  0 ln s ln Mx 2 ln s since no radiation  no price paid for increasing diffractive-gap width pp p MXMX p p’ SINGLE DIFFRACTION ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 4 Forward momentum loss

5. DIFFRACTION AT CDF Single Diffraction or Single Dissociation Double Diffraction or Double Dissociation Double Pom. Exchange or Central Dissociation Single + Double Diffraction (SDD) SD DD DPE/CD SDD Elastic scatteringTotal cross section  T =Im f el (t=0) OPTICAL THEOREM   gap   JJ, b, J/   W p p JJ …ee…  exclusive ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 5

6. Basic and combined diffractive processes 4-gap diffractive process-Snowmass 2001- http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0110240http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0110240 gap SD DD ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 6

7. KG-PLB 358, 379 (1995) Regge theory – values of s o & g PPP ? Parameters:  s 0, s 0 ' and g(t)  set s 0 ‘ = s 0 (universal IP )  determine s 0 and g PPP – how? ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 7  (t)=  (0)+  ′t  (0)=1+ 

8. A complicatiion…  Unitarity! A complication …  Unitarity!   sd grows faster than  t as s increases  unitarity violation at high s (similarly for partial x-sections in impact parameter space)  the unitarity limit is already reached at √s ~ 2 TeV !  need unitarization ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 8

9. Factor of ~8 (~5) suppression at √s = 1800 (540) GeV  diffractive x-section suppressed relative to Regge prediction as √s increases see KG, PLB 358, 379 (1995) 1800 GeV 540 GeV M ,t,t p p p’ √s=22 GeV RENORMALIZATION Regge FACTORIZATION BREAKING IN SOFT DIFFRACTION CDFCDF ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 9 Interpret flux as gap formation probability that saturates when it reaches unity

10. Gap probability  (re)normalize to unity Single diffraction renormalized - 1 2 independent variables: t color factor gap probability sub-energy x-section KG  CORFU-2001: http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0203141 ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 10

11. Single diffraction renormalized - 2 color factor Experimentally: KG&JM, PRD 59 (114017) 1999 QCD: ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 11

12. Single diffraction renormalized - 3 set to unity  determines s o ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 12

13. M2 distribution: data KG&JM, PRD 59 (1999) 114017  factorization breaks down to ensure M 2 scaling! Regge 1 Independent of s over 6 orders of magnitude in M 2  M 2 scaling  d  dM 2 | t=-0.05 ~ independent of s over 6 orders of magnitude ! data ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 13

14. Scale s 0 and PPP coupling ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 14  Two free parameters: s o and g PPP  Obtain product g PPP s o  from  SD  Renormalized Pomeron flux determines s o  Get unique solution for g PPP Pomeron-proton x-section Pomeron flux: interpret as gap probability  set to unity: determines g PPP and s 0 KG, PLB 358 (1995) 379

15. Saturation at low Q 2 and small x figure from a talk by Edmond Iancu ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 15

16. DD at CDF renormalized gap probabilityx-section ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 16

17. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 17 Rapidity gaps in fireworks! Fermilab1989 Opening night at Chez Leon Rapidity Gaps in Fireworks

18. SDD at CDF  Excellent agreement between data and MBR (MinBiasRockefeller) MC ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 18

19. Total, elastic & inelastic cross sections GeV 2 ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 19 KG Moriond 2011, arXiv:1105.1916  el p±p =  tot ×(  el  tot ), with  el  tot from CMG small extrapol. from 1.8 to 7 and up to 50 TeV ) CMG

20. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 20 The total x-section √s F =22 GeV 98 ± 8 mb at 7 TeV 109 ±12 mb at 14 TeV Main error from s 0

21. Reducing the uncertainty in s 0 ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 21  glue-ball-like object  “superball”  mass  1.9 GeV  m s 2 = 3.7 GeV  agrees with RENORM s o =3.7  Error in s 0 can be reduced by factor ~4 from a fit to these data!  reduces error in  t.

22. TOTEM results vs PYTHIA8-MBR ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 22  inrl 7 TeV = 72.9 ±1.5 mb  inrl 8 TeV = 74.7 ±1.7 mb TOTEM, G. Latino talk at MPI@LHC, CERN 2012 MBR: 71.1±5 mb superball  ± 1.2 mb RENORM: 72.3±1.2 mb RENORM: 71.1±1.2 mb

23. SD and DD cross sections vs predictions ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 23  KG*: from CMS measurements after extrapolation into low  using the KG model. Includes ND background KG*

24. CD/DPE at CDF  Excellent agreement between data and MBR  low and high masses are correctly implemented ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 24

25. Difractive cross sections  1 =0.9,  2 =0.1, b 1 =4.6 GeV -2, b 2 =0.6 GeV -2, s′=s e -  y,  =0.17,  2 (0)=  0, s 0 =1 GeV 2,  0 =2.82 mb or 7.25 GeV -2 ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 25

26. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 26 Inelastic cross sections at LHC vs predictions TOTE PYTHIA8+MBR

27. Monte Carlo Strategy for the LHC …   tot  from SUPERBALL model  optical theorem  Im f el ( t=0 )  dispersion relations  Re f el ( t=0 )   el  using global fit   inel =  tot -  el  differential  SD  from RENORM  use nesting of final states for pp collisions at the P­-p sub-energy √s' Strategy similar to that of MBR used in CDF based on multiplicities from: K. Goulianos, Phys. Lett. B 193 (1987) 151 pp “A new statistical description of hardonic and e + e − multiplicity distributios “  T optical theorem Im f el (t=0) dispersion relations Re f el (t=0) MONTE CARLO STRATEGY ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 27

28. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 28 Monte Carlo algorithm - nesting y'cy'c Profile of a pp inelastic collision  y‘ <  y' min hadronize  y′ >  y' min generate central gap repeat until  y' <  y' min ln s′ =  y′ evolve every cluster similarly gap no gap final state of MC w /no-gaps t gap t t t1t1 t2t2

29. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 29 SUMMARY  Introduction  Diffractive cross sections:  basic: SD1,SD2, DD, CD (DPE)  combined: multigap x-sections  ND  no diffractive gaps:  this is the only final state to be tuned  Total, elastic, and total inelastic cross sections  Monte Carlo strategy for the LHC – “nesting” derived from ND and QCD color factors Thank you for your attention

30. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 30 Images

31. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 31 Fermilab 1971 First American-Soviet Collaboration Elastic, diffractive and total cross sections

32. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 32 At the gorge of Samaria (1980)-I

33. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 33 At the gorge of Samaria (1980)-II with R. Feynman – a day of jokes!

34. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 34 Opening night at Chez Leon Fermilab1989 Opening night at Chez Leon

35. ICNFP-2013, Kolymbari Predictions of Diffraction at the LHC K. Goulianos 35 The End The End!