1. Chapter 4 生物醫學暨環境生物學系 助理教授 張學偉

2. The cell cycle Mitotic cycle time (Tc) = cell cycle time = time between successive divisions

4. Autoradiography 自動放射顯影

6. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd)

7. Two advantages in BrdUrd over autoradiography 1. Not involve radioactive material 2. Shorten the time for result

8. 1. The relative length of different cell cycle phase vary in different cell types 2. Human cells of Tc > Hamster cells of Tc 3. S> G2 > M

10. Synchronously Dividing cell cultures 同步化 Definition: All of the cells occupy the same phase of the cell cycle at a given time. Techniques for synchrony: 1. Mitotic harvest [shake off] 2. Drug [e.g.,hydroxyurea] S phase cells are killed Block at the end of G1

12. Most population in mitosis

13. Irradiated at various times afterward, Corresponding to different cell cycle phase

14. Cell cycle phase & radiosensitivity shoulder

15. Early G1 later G1 The pattern cannot be distinguished in hamster cells because G1 is too short.

16. 1. Pattern similar 2. Important difference

17. Summary of radiosensitivity with cell age in the mitotic cycle 1. Cells are most sensitive at or close to mitosis 2. Resistance is usually greatest in later S phase 3. Resistance at early G1 & sensitivity at later G1 4. G2 phase is usually sensitive, perhaps as M phase

18. Molecular checkpoint genes

20. Flow cytometer 細胞流速分析儀

21. Flow cytometer & separation of cell cycle phase DNA content Cell number G0 /G1 M 2N 4N

22. The effect of oxygen at various phases of the cell cycle Oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) ch6 The ratio of hypoxic to aerated doses needed to achieve the same biological effect is called OER. Survival Dose (Gy) aerated hypoxic OER S (2.3-2.4) < G1 & G2 OER varies significantly through the cycle.

23. The age-response function for a tissue in vivo Variation of sensitivity with cell age for neutrons 1. The variation of thymidine uptake with time. 2. First wave = DNA synthesis period 3. Correlated to max resistance to x-ray CPM = count per min

24. The in vivo pattern of response as a function of cell age is similar to  -ray and neutrons, with max resistance occurring in later S phase for in vitro culture cells.

25. Mechanism for the age-response function 1. DNA amount or form 2. Naturally occuring sulfhydryl compounds

26. The possible implications of the age-response function in radiotherapy Sensitization due to reassortment Dose at Asynchronous cell population  S phase remained  synchronize  cell cycle move  Dose later at sensitive phase  sensitizing  called