1. Today’s agenda: Capacitance. You must be able to apply the equation C=Q/V. Capacitors: parallel plate, cylindrical, spherical. You must be able to calculate the capacitance of capacitors having these geometries, and you must be able to use the equation C=Q/V to calculate parameters of capacitors. Circuits containing capacitors in series and parallel. You must understand the differences between, and be able to calculate the “equivalent capacitance” of, capacitors connected in series and parallel.

2. Capacitors in Circuits Recall: this is the symbol representing a capacitor in an electric circuit. And this is the symbol for a battery… + - …or this… …or this.

3. Capacitors connected in parallel: C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 + - V The potential difference (voltage drop) from a to b must equal V. a b V ab = V = voltage drop across each individual capacitor. V ab Circuits Containing Capacitors in Parallel Note how I have introduced the idea that when circuit components are connected in parallel, then the voltage drops across the components are all the same. You may use this fact in homework solutions. C2C2 C3C3 + -

4. C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 + - V a Q = C V  Q 1 = C 1 V & Q 2 = C 2 V & Q 3 = C 3 V Now imagine replacing the parallel combination of capacitors by a single equivalent capacitor. By “equivalent,” we mean “stores the same total charge if the voltage is the same.” C eq + - V a Q total = C eq V = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 Q3Q3 Q2Q2 Q1Q1 + - Q Important!

5. Q 1 = C 1 VQ 2 = C 2 VQ 3 = C 3 V Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = C eq V Summarizing the equations on the last slide: Using Q 1 = C 1 V, etc., gives C 1 V + C 2 V + C 3 V = C eq V C 1 + C 2 + C 3 = C eq (after dividing both sides by V) Generalizing: C eq =  C i (capacitors in parallel) C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 + - V a b

6. Capacitors connected in series: C1C1 C2C2 + - V C3C3 An amount of charge +Q flows from the battery to the left plate of C 1. (Of course, the charge doesn’t all flow at once). +Q-Q An amount of charge -Q flows from the battery to the right plate of C 3. Note that +Q and –Q must be the same in magnitude but of opposite sign. Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series

7. C1C1 C2C2 + - V C3C3 +Q A -Q B The charges +Q and –Q attract equal and opposite charges to the other plates of their respective capacitors: -Q +Q These equal and opposite charges came from the originally neutral circuit regions A and B. Because region A must be neutral, there must be a charge +Q on the left plate of C 2. Because region B must be neutral, there must be a charge -Q on the right plate of C 2. +Q -Q

8. C1C1 C2C2 + - V C3C3 A -Q B +Q -Q Q = C 1 V 1 Q = C 2 V 2 Q = C 3 V 3 The charges on C 1, C 2, and C 3 are the same, and are But we don’t know V 1, V 2, and V 3 yet. a b We do know that V ab = V and also V ab = V 1 + V 2 + V 3. V3V3 V2V2 V1V1 V ab Note how I have introduced the idea that when circuit components are connected in series, then the voltage drop across all the components is the sum of the voltage drops across the individual components. This is actually a consequence of the conservation of energy. You may use this fact in homework solutions.

9. C eq + - V +Q-Q V Let’s replace the three capacitors by a single equivalent capacitor. By “equivalent” we mean V is the same as the total voltage drop across the three capacitors, and the amount of charge Q that flowed out of the battery is the same as when there were three capacitors. Q = C eq V

10. Collecting equations: Q = C 1 V 1 Q = C 2 V 2 Q = C 3 V 3 V ab = V = V 1 + V 2 + V 3. Q = C eq V Substituting for V 1, V 2, and V 3 : Substituting for V: Dividing both sides by Q: Important!

11. Generalizing: OSE:(capacitors in series)

12. Summary (know for exam!): Series same Q, V’s add Parallel same V, Q’s add C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C1C1 C2C2 C3C3