1. Is the Current ESA Working? 4 Recovery Plans have been required since 1978 4 Plan’s goals are to restore the listed species to a point where they are viable, self- sustaining components of their ecosystems 4 Tear et al. (1993) reviewed 54 plans on T & E species filed up to that time

2. Are Recovery Plans Adequate? (Tear et al. 1993) 4 28% had recovery goals calling for populations of smaller size than current 4 37% called for fewer populations than present 4 60% had goals below that used by IUCN (red list) to define endangered 4 So, we seem to be managing species to extinction, not recovery

3. Alternative Ways to Score ESA Effectiveness (Noecker 1998, USFWS web page) 4 Are species recovered to level where protection is no longer required? –NO, as of 2005 only 17 have been delisted due to recovery (others are now proposed) Brown Pelican, Palau fantail flycatcher, Palau ground-dove, Palau owl, Tinian Monarch, American alligator, Gray whale, Arctic and American peregrines, Aleutian Canada Goose, Robbins’ Cinquefoil, Douglas Co population of Columbia White-tailed Deer, 3 species of kangaroos, Bald Eagle –reasons for endangerment (DDT, WWII, overharvest) 9 went extinct and 15 were delisted due to new or improved data

4. Alternative Ways to Score ESA Effectiveness (Noecker 1998) 4 Have populations of listed species become more stable since listing? –Maybe (estimate 41% of 1676 species have improved or stabilized) –22 species originally listed as endangered have been downlisted to threatened (2 eventually were delisted; Arctic Peregrine and American alligator)

5. Alternative Ways to Score ESA Effectiveness (Noecker 1998, USFWS 2005) 4 Has listing prevented extinction? –YES, only 9 of the >1676 listed species have gone extinct Guam Broadbill, Longjaw Cisco, Amistad Gambusia, Mariana Mallard, Sampson’s Pearlymussel, Blue Pike, Pecopa Pupfish, Santa Barbara Song Sparrow, Dusky Seaside Sparrow –some of these were actually extinct at time of listing! Condor, Red Wolf, Whooping Crane would likely be extinct without the Act

6. What Makes the ESA Work? 4 Taylor et al. 2005 –Listing –Critical Habitat –Single Species Recovery Plans 4 Miller et al. 2002 –Money

7. Recent Evaluations of Recovery Plans (Boersma et al. 2001) 4 Effective recovery plans (those associated with increasing population trends) are those with: –Non-federal participation, especially on the Recovery Team –Recovery goals clearly linked to species biology –Focus on single, rather than multiple, species 4 Planning can be improved by: –Increasing speed of prep –Monitoring management actions –Using adaptive management 4 But the measurement of success (species status trend) is influenced by myriad factors of which the recovery plan is but one. Therefore, while suggestive, the results are far from definitive.

8. Does the ESA protect Ecosystems? (NRC 1995) 4 Difficult to tell--most emphasis is on single species 4 Of 411 recovery plans, 25% include multiple species –some cover full communities (Ash Meadows, Maui-Molokai birds, Channel Islands) 4 Even single species plans can protect ecosystems –spotted owl, marbled murrelet

9. Could the ESA be Strengthened? (Carroll et al. 1996) 4 Yes, by basing many of the decisions and priorities on sound conservation science –listing do it faster extend population level protection to plants (including fungi) use ESU concept to define “species” adjust priority scheme to include –Inclusive benefits (umbrella species like Florida Scrub Jay) –Ecological role (keystone species)

10. Use More Science in the Recovery Planning Arena Also 4 Use PVA and Sink-Source models to define critical habitat size and spatial arrangement 4 Take a more holistic approach –still focus on species (not ecosystems), but more likely to protect HABITAT not just species 4 Provide tangible standards of jeopardy for particular federal actions 4 Set recovery and de-listing goals that will result in viable populations –need to be flexible as populations are rarely naturally stable

11. Science and Recovery Planning (Carroll et al. 1996) 4 Setting Goals for Recovery –Establish multiple populations with possibility for migration among them removes effect of single catastrophe –Move to stop known threats stop decline and possible extinction of species –Plan to achieve annual population growth rates above 0 requires habitat analysis and knowledge of spatial distribution of species (metapopulation structure)

12. Setting Recovery Targets 4 Should they be detailed? –Need well parameterized PVA –They will be used for down-listing targets –Make sure you have DATA to support need to reach target 4 Should they be rigid? –Populations don’t remain stable through time (Carroll et al. 1996) –Give range of acceptable fluctuation 4 Should they be revised? –As data become available

13. Dealing With Uncertainty 4 At time of recovery planning we rarely know what is needed to effectively recover a species –Interim Recovery Goals (Carroll et al. 1996) provide a bridge between initiating recovery and finalizing a recovery strategy determine and state data needs for full PVA give a biologically attainable target for first few years –reduce or stabilize decline –start active management/husbandry –get population to size x assess possible limiting factors

14. Admit Uncertainty ( Marbled Murrelet Recovery Plan) –Objectives gather necessary information to develop scientific delisting criteria –reasonable, attainable, and adequate to maintain the species over period of reduced habitat availability over next 50 years (then expect habitat to have regrown) –Interim Delisting Criteria trend in population size, density, and productivity are stable or increasing in 4/6 zones over 10 years (including an El Nino) Management commitments and monitoring are in place in all zones –ID critical habitat, have habitat protection plans in place

15. Address Habitat Concerns (Carroll et al. 1996) 4 Determine extent of currently suitable habitat 4 Assess quality of formerly occupied, but currently unoccupied habitat 4 Establish priority habitat areas for restoration –how should restoration be done?

16. View Recovery as a Continuum Scott et al. 2005 Conservation reliant species may require special agreements to guarantee future management after “recovery”

17. Has the Service Adjusted? (USFWS & NMFS 1997) 4 1994 Babbitt and Baker announced a series of policy changes (10-point plan) –Peer Review by Scientists review listing decisions and recovery plans (Salmon proposed rules were reviewed) –Do not accept listing petitions that are not based on scientifically valid information warranted findings must possess sufficient evidence of status and threats to support formal proposal

18. More of Babbitt and Baker’s 10 Points 4 Hybrids involving 1 endangered parent are not listed –they may be very important and occasionally protected Florida panther--import genes from Texas (formerly contiguous population) to diversify the depressed gene pool--hybrid kittens protected 4 Be more proactive in listing –Candidate Conservation Agreements voluntary agreements by public and private sectors to manage for candidates –But at same time USFWS has dropped C-2 status

19. More 10-pointers 4 Engage the private landowner –HCPs (14 from 1983-1992, but 211 by 1997) 4 Assure “No Surprises” –Service will not require additional land or money for mitigation of species listed in HCP 4 Allow adaptive management in HCP –change course if results are not going as expected 4 Develop “No Take” MOUs –state up front what management actions in integrated plan would not constitute “take” –gives managers regulatory certainty

20. More Policy Adjustments for Private Landowners 4 Foster “Safe Harbor” agreements –if private landowners manage to enhance their property for endangered species they will not be subject to further regulation if the target species is attracted. At end of agreement landowner can RETURN habitat back to baseline condition Red-cockaded Woodpecker tree cluster management— insights from Dave Wilcove

21. Private lands are important. 4 General Accounting Office (1995) –37% of our endangered species do not occur on any federal lands. 4 Precious Heritage (2001) –40% of our endangered species do not occur on any federal lands.

22. Source: GAO 1995

23. Safe Harbor Agreements 4 Voluntary. 4 Enable landowners to restore habitats of endangered species without the risk of new regulations. 4 Do not diminish protection for any endangered species already on the property (“baseline”). 4 Must provide a net benefit to the species.

24. Sandhills Safe Harbor Program 4 April, 1995 and continuing 4 116 landowners in 2010 4 52,692 acres enrolled 4 woodlots, golf courses, horse farms, residential property 4 59 woodpecker social groups are protected in the program

25. International Paper’s Woodpecker Bank: Background 4 IP owns > 4 million acres of forest in the south. 4 1999: only 16 groups of woodpeckers on commercial timberland. 4 Some “groups” consist of single birds. 4 2 more groups on IP’s research forest in Bainbridge, GA.

26. IP’s Plan 4 Turn research forest into a woodpecker bank. 4 1999: 1,500 acres of suitable habitat. 4 IP will increase habitat to > 5,000 acres. 4 Goal of 25-30 woodpecker groups.

27. What IP Can Do: 4 For each new group it creates at the bank, IP can cut timber around an existing group on its commercial timberland. 4 1:1 mitigation. 4 No new birds in the bank, no cutting.

28. How Can IP Make Money? 4 IP has a baseline of 18 groups (2 at research forest/bank, 16 on commercial timberlands). 4 If it creates more than 18 groups at the bank, it can “sell” those additional groups to other parties in search of mitigation.

29. Who Benefits? International Paper Consolidation of responsibilities. Potential economic gain from selling credits. Red-cockaded Woodpecker Larger population in better habitat. Long-term management of that habitat.

30. The woodpecker population in the bank has already grown from 2 groups (3 non-breeders) to 15 breeding groups (50 birds and 13 potential breeding pairs) in the first 5 years of the program (2005).

31. Enhancing Participation in Recovery 4 Involve state agencies as more equal partners and stakeholders in endangered species management 4 Diversify recovery team membership –involve more of the relevant stakeholders

32. Recovery Teams and Plans: Scott Derrickson’s Advice –Build consensus –Recovery plan only deals with BIOLOGY –View the plan as a working document annual reports and long- term team involvement –Focus on key issues KISS Must have science to back up all key issue recommendations –The team should assign task priorities –Use PVA AFTER 10+ years of demographic data targets can be more harmful than helpful –Document history of species –Address all limiting factors

33. Science and Recovery Planning (Carroll et al. 1996) 4 Setting Goals for Recovery –Establish multiple populations with possibility for migration among them removes effect of single catastrophe –Move to stop known threats stop decline and possible extinction of species –Plan to achieve annual population growth rates above 0 requires habitat analysis and knowledge of spatial distribution of species (metapopulation structure)

34. Setting Recovery Targets 4 Should they be detailed? –Need well parameterized PVA –They will be used for down-listing targets –Make sure you have DATA to support need to reach target 4 Should they be rigid? –Populations don’t remain stable through time (Carroll et al. 1996) –Give range of acceptable fluctuation 4 Should they be revised? –As data become available

35. Dealing With Uncertainty 4 At time of recovery planning we rarely know what is needed to effectively recover a species –Interim Recovery Goals (Carroll et al. 1996) provide a bridge between initiating recovery and finalizing a recovery strategy determine and state data needs for full PVA give a biologically attainable target for first few years –reduce or stabilize decline –start active management/husbandry –get population to size x assess possible limiting factors

36. Admit Uncertainty ( Marbled Murrelet Recovery Plan) –Objectives gather necessary information to develop scientific delisting criteria –reasonable, attainable, and adequate to maintain the species over period of reduced habitat availability over next 50 years (then expect habitat to have regrown) –Interim Delisting Criteria trend in population size, density, and productivity are stable or increasing in 4/6 zones over 10 years (including an El Nino) Management commitments and monitoring are in place in all zones –ID critical habitat, have habitat protection plans in place

37. Address Habitat Concerns (Carroll et al. 1996) 4 Determine extent of currently suitable habitat 4 Assess quality of formerly occupied, but currently unoccupied habitat 4 Establish priority habitat areas for restoration –how should restoration be done?

38. Alternative Dispute Resolution (Wondolleck et al. 1994) 4 How you make a decision affects the staying power of the decision –Full stakeholder participation builds acceptance and ownership of decision –Collaboration, honesty, and respect for all views –Get the appropriate players those who can speak for their organization and know the details of the issue –May need a professional facilitator

39. People Skills Make or Break the Team (Westrum 1994) 4 Wildlife managers are not trained in people management skills –create networks, study top performers 4 Effective organizations have similarities –actively seek information –train messengers –share responsibility –reward bridging –learn from failures –welcome new ideas

40. The Key Skill is Communication Ability (Clark and Reading 1994) 4 Recognize that people have different backgrounds and training –greatly affects their approach to problem solving, data evaluation, etc. –makes interdisciplinary communication a chore 4 Science typically tells us to specialize and conform to one discipline’s expectations –this may be exactly counter to needs of interdisciplinary team productivity

41. Don’t Forget Other Human Dimensions (Kellert 1994) 4 Human values –urban versus rural values (the bubba effect) 4 Socioeconomics –property rights –limiting economic returns by conservation regulations –using money as an incentive 4 Organization structure and dynamics –who’s driving this train and what do they want?

42. Evolving Condor Recovery

43. 4 Establish USFWS Condor Recovery Office –Condor Recovery Coordinator handles basic programmatic coordination –Condor Research and Monitoring Coordinator (USFWS or USGS staff scientist) –House in Sacramento regional office, report to Deputy or Assistant Regional Director 4 Establish Recovery Implementation Team –Comprised organizations raising, rearing, releasing, and monitoring condors –Modeled after field working group 4 Establish Science Advisory Team –Small, scientifically focused, advisory group composed largely of independent scientists outside of the condor program –Disband Recovery Team 4 Form a Policy Advisory Team –Comprised of leaders of partner organizations –Includes Coordinator. Recommendations: Reorganize to better reflect current and future circumstances

44. Literature Cited 4 USFWS. 1997. Recovery plan for the threatened Marbled Murrelet in Washington, Oregon, and California. Portland, OR. 203pp. 4 GAO. 1993. Factors associated with delayed listing decisions. GAO/RCED-93-152. 4 Sidle, JG. 1998. Arbitrary and capricious species conservation. Conservation Biology 12:248-249. 4 Clark, T. W., Reading, R. P., and Clark, A. L. (eds.) 1994. Endangered species recovery: finding the lessons, improving the process. Island Press

45. References 4 Tear, TH et al. 1993. Status and prospects for success of the endangered species act: a look at recovery plans. Science 262:976-977. 4 Noecker, RJ (1998) Endangered species list revisions: a summary of delisting and downlisting. Congressional Research Service. Library of Congress. Washington DC. 4 General Accounting Office (GAO). 1988. Endanagered Species: Management improvements could enhance recovery program. GAO/RCED-89-5. Washington DC. 4 General Accounting Office (GAO). 1994. Endangered Species Act: Information on species protection on nonfederal lands. GAO RCED- 95-16. Washington DC. 4 Stein, BA. Kutner, LS, and JS Adams. 2000. Precious Heritage. Oxford University Press.

46. More References 4 Carroll, R. et al. 1996. Strengthening the use of science in achieving the goals of the endangered species act: an assessment by the ecological society of america. Ecological Applications 6:1-11. 4 USFWS and NMFS. 1997. Making the esa work better. Washington DC. 4 Boersma, PD, P. Kareiva, WF Fagan, JA Clark, and JM Hoekstra. 2001. How good are endangered species recovery plans? BioScience 51:643-649. (see also BioScience 52:212-214 for further discussion)

47. More References 4 Miller, J.K. et al. 2002. The endangered species act: dollars and sense? BioScience 52:163-168. 4 Taylor, M. F. et al. 2005. The effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act: a quantitative analysis. BioScience 55:360-367. 4 Scott, J. M. et al. 2005. Recovery of imperiled species under the Endangered Species Act: the need for a new approach. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3:383-389.