1. 1 Ethernet LAN

2. 2 LANs u Local Area Networks u Limited Geographical Area –Single office –Single building –University campus or industrial park u Generally, high speeds –Now, most operate at around 10 Mbps –100 Mbps is emerging as the new “base speed” u Most Data Traffic is Local

3. 3 Standards Setting u LANs are Subnets (single networks) u Subnet technology is Dominated by OSI Standards (true for LANs) u IEEE Creates most LAN Standards –Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers –Submits its standards to ISO and ITU-T for ratification u IEEE 802 Committee –LAN standards are set by the IEEE 802 Standards Committee. –802.3 for Ethernet Standards –802.5 for Token-Ring LAN Standards –802.11 for Radio and Infrared Wireless LANs

4. 4 LANs and OSI Architecture u OSI is a 7-layer architecture u LAN transmission only uses Layers 1 and 2 u Layer 1: Physical Layer –Connectors, Media, Electrical signaling u Layer 2: Data Link Layer –Packaging data into frames –Managing transmission over link (error handling, etc.) –Access control: when each station may transmit

5. 5 OSI Physical and Data Link Layers F4-1 Station A Station A Station B Station B Connector Plug Connector Plug Transmission Medium (telephone wire, etc.) Electrical Signal Physical Layer (OSI Layer 1) Physical (plugs, media, etc.); Electrical (voltages, timing, etc.)

6. 6 OSI Physical and Data Link Layers Data Link Layer (OSI Layer 2) Frame 2 Frame 1 Station A Station A Station B Station B

7. 7 Data Link Layer u For point-to-point transmission –A point-to-point connection is a data link –So is a transmission system shared by multiple devices, only one of which can transmit at a time because of collisions Transmission

8. 8 Data Link Layer u First function: Packaging of Data (1s and 0s) –PDU at Data Link Layer is called a frame u Second Function: Access Control –Only one station can transmit at any time –If another transmitted, their signals would scramble one another –Must control access to (transmission into) the transmission medium

9. 9 Data Link Layer Logical Link Control Layer Media Access Control (MAC) Layer 802.3 10Base-T 802.3 10Base-T 802.3 10Base-5 802.3 10Base-5 802.3 Other Physical Layer 802.3 Other Physical Layer 802.5 Physical Layer 4 Mbps 802.5 Physical Layer 4 Mbps 802.5 Physical Layer 16 Mbps 802.5 Physical Layer 16 Mbps Other Physical Layer Other Physical Layer OSI Data Link Layer (Layer 2 ) OSI Physical Layer (Layer 1) OSI Data Link Layer is subdivided into two layers Media access control Logical link control OSI Data Link Layer is subdivided into two layers Media access control Logical link control

10. 10 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer OSI Physical (Layer 1) Media Access Control MAC Layer 802.3 10Base-T 802.3 10Base-T 802.3 10Base-5 802.3 10Base-5 802.3 Other Physical Layer 802.3 Other Physical Layer 802.5 Physical Layer 4 Mbps 802.5 Physical Layer 4 Mbps 802.5 Physical Layer 16 Mbps 802.5 Physical Layer 16 Mbps Other Physical Layer Other Physical Layer MAC layer implements media access control: When a station may transmit Controls the framing of data along the wire MAC layer implements media access control: When a station may transmit Controls the framing of data along the wire

11. 11 OSI Physical (Layer 1) LLC Logical Link Control Layer 802.2 Logical Link Control Layer 802.3 Media Access Control (MAC Layer) 802.3 Media Access Control (MAC Layer) 802.5 MAC 4 Mbps 802.5 MAC 4 Mbps 802.5 MAC 16 Mbps 802.5 MAC 16 Mbps Other MAC Other MAC 802.3 10Base-T 802.3 10Base-T 802.3 10Base-5 802.3 10Base-5 802.3 Other Physical Layer 802.3 Other Physical Layer 802.5 Physical Layer 4 Mbps 802.5 Physical Layer 4 Mbps 802.5 Physical Layer 16 Mbps 802.5 Physical Layer 16 Mbps Other Physical Layer Other Physical Layer Provides Control Function Begin/end connections between stations Error correction (optional) Provides Control Function Begin/end connections between stations Error correction (optional)

12. 12 Simple LAN Using Ethernet 10Base-T RJ-45 jacks 10Base-T Hub (Multiport Repeater) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Wiring (4-Pair Bundle) PC RJ-45 Jack NIC Network Interface Card 10Base-T UTP Wiring Bundles: 4 Pairs EIA Category 3, 4, or 5

13. 13 Ethernet 10Base-T (802.3u) u Physical Layer Standard –10 Mbps (10 in 10Base-T) –Baseband signaling: Injects voltage changes directly into the wires (Base in 10Base-T) u Hubs (Multiport Repeaters) –Connect the stations together 10Base-T Hub

14. 14 NICs u Network Interface Cards –Implement Physical Layer t Plug and Electrical Signaling –Implements the Data Link Layer (data packaging, access control, etc.) t LLC (802.2) t MAC (802.3 MAC)

15. 15 Wiring u Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) –Twisted several times per foot to reduce interference, T in 10Base- and Unshielded t No protection except for plastic coating t Distance limitation: 100 meters (attenuation, distortion, noise and interference, crosstalk) -- propagation u Categories of UTP Wiring –Category 5, 6: The best. Good for 100 Mbps –Category 3 and 4: lower. May be OK for 100 Mbps u Wiring Plugs: RJ-45 Standard –Similar to home (RJ-11) jacks, but wider

16. 16 Physical Layer Transmission in 10Base-T F4-4 10Base-T Hub Step 1 Station A Transmits on Upstream Pair (Wires 1&2) Step 1 Station A Transmits on Upstream Pair (Wires 1&2) Station A Station B Station C

17. 17 Physical Layer Transmission in 10Base-T 10Base-T Hub Step 2 Hub Repeats (Broadcasts) The Message To All Stations On Downstream Pairs (Wires 3&6) Step 2 Hub Repeats (Broadcasts) The Message To All Stations On Downstream Pairs (Wires 3&6) Station A Station B Station C Bus transmission means broadcasting

18. 18 MAC Layer CSMA/CD Media Access Control u Controls when stations may transmit –If two transmit at once, signals will be scrambled Collision X Collisions will grow rapidly above 30% of line utilization. Keep traffic moderate, or throughput will be affected.

19. 19 CSMA/CD Media Access Control u CS: Carrier Sense –Each NIC always listens for traffic on the line –This lets it recognize messages sent to its address –This also lets it know if the line is free u CSMA: Carrier Sense Media Access –A station may transmit if it hears no traffic on the network

20. 20 CSMA/CD Media Access Control in Ethernet Station A is Transmitting Station B must wait Station A is Transmitting Station B must wait 10Base-T Hub Station A Station B Station C Must Wait

21. 21 CSMA/CD Media Access Control u CD: Collision Detection –If two stations transmit at once …. –Their signals collide, scrambling one another –Because each sender listens (senses the carrier), both know that there has been a collision –Both stop and wait a random amount of time. X Collision 101010001110

22. 22 Layering in 802 Networks TCP/IP Internet Layer Standards (IP, ARP, etc.) Other Internet Layer Standards (IPX, etc.) 802.2 Ethernet 802.3 MAC Layer Standard Physical Layer Media Access Control Layer Non-Ethernet MAC Standards (802.5, 802.11, etc.) 100BASE- TX 1000 BASE- SX … Logical Link Control Layer Non-Ethernet Physical Layer Standards (802.11, etc.) Data Link Layer Internet Layer

23. 23 802.3 MAC Layer Frame Preamble Start of Frame Delimiter Destination Address Source Address Length Data Pad Frame Check Sequence In asynchronous transmission, each byte is sent separately, in a 10-bit frame. In 802.3 MAC Layer frames, transmission is synchronous. Many data bytes are sent in each frame of variable length. Frames must be between 64 octets and 1518 octets long, divided into groups of bits called fields. Field lengths are measured in “octets”, eight bits. “Octet” is a synonym for “byte”

24. 24 Error Detection u MAC Layer Process Provides error detection –Determines that an error exists u Does not provide error correction –Merely discards the frame –No request for retransmission if there is an error u Logical Link Control Layer may do error correction –Receiving LLC process detects discarded frames –Receiving LLC process asks for retransmissions

25. 25 Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer Next Higher Layer (Usually Internet) Next Higher Layer (Usually Internet) LLC Layer Process LLC Layer Process MAC Layer Process MAC Layer Process Station A Next Higher Layer (Usually Internet) Next Higher Layer (Usually Internet) LLC Layer Process LLC Layer Process MAC Layer Process MAC Layer Process Station B LLC Frame MAC Frame 802.2 can ask for retransmission of lost MAC frames. Optional. LLC frame placed within MAC frame

26. 26 Ethernet 10Base-T Network with Two Hubs Hub 1 Hub 2 Station AStation B Station C Station A Transmits to Hub 1 Hub 1 Transmits Out All Ports, Including the Port to Hub 2 Hub 2 Broadcasts the Message Out All of Its Ports Station C Receives the Message 100 m Segment Maximum 100 m Segment Maximum 100 m Segment Maximum

27. 27 Ethernet 10Base-T LAN with Multiple Hubs Hub 1 Hub 2Hub 3 Hub 4 Station A Station B Station C Station D UTP Wire UTP Wire UTP Wire UTP Wire UTP Wire Daisy chain, no Loops allowed! Daisy chain, no Loops allowed! Maximum distance between farthest Stations is 4 Hubs/5 100 meter segments

28. 28 Speed and Distance u Transmission speed worsens problems –Error rates increase because bit periods are smaller and are more likely to be damaged by brief noise spikes and interference –High speeds create high-frequency components in the signal that attenuate more rapidly than lower-frequency components –In general, as speed increases, maximum distance decreases, although improving technology can lessen the decrease

29. 29 Dealing with Propagation Effects u Use High-Quality, High-Cost Media –Use media designed for long-distance propagation –Optical fiber, coaxial cable –Too expensive for runs to many desktops, good for hub-to-hub u Use Inexpensive Media to the Desktop –Improve the technology (allows 100 Mbps+ on UTP) –Accept distance limitations (100 meters for UTP) –More popular alternative to desktop because of low cost

30. Ethernet Physical Layer Standards UTP Physical Layer Standards Medium Required Maximum Run Length Speed 100BASE-TX4-pair Category 5 or higher100 meters100 Mbps 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet) 4-pair Category 5 or higher100 meters1,000 Mbps 10BASE-T4-pair Category 3 or higher100 meters10 Mbps 100BASE-TX dominates access links today, Although 1000BASE-T is growing in access links today 30

31. . Fiber Physical Layer Standards Medium 850 nm light (inexpensive) Multimode fiber Maximum Run Length Speed 1000BASE-SX275 m1 Gbps 1000BASE-SX500 m1 Gbps 1000BASE-SX220 m1 Gbps 1000BASE-SX550 m1 Gbps Ethernet Physical Layer Standards 62.5 microns 160 MHz-km 62.5200 50400 50500 The 1000BASE-SX optical fiber standard dominates trunk links today S means that the standard uses short wavelength light (850 nm) 31

32. Shared media LANs u Limits to Shared Media LANs –FDDI, 100Base-X, 1000Base-SX are all shared media LANs t Only one station can transmit at a time, causing latency t Every station hears every message, so as the number of stations grow, the LAN saturates –100, 1000 Mbps speed only delays saturation 32

33. Shared media LANs u Shared Media Networks with Hubs (such as 10Base-T) –Incoming frame arrives through a single port –Hub broadcasts frames out all ports –Congestion on output ports Hub 33

34. Switched LANs u In a switched network –Incoming frame arrives on a single port –Frame sent out again only on a single port--the one leading to the receiver –No congestion on other ports Switch 34

35. Switch Station A Station B Station C Station D Connection 1 A-C Connection 1 A-C Connection 2 B-D Connection 2 B-D With a switch, multiple stations may transmit simultaneously: no congestion as traffic grows. 35

36. Switching in Perspective u Switching is dominant in LANs today –Congestion does not increase as the number of stations grows u Today, switches are no more expensive than 10Base-T or 100Base-X hubs u Read CISCO white paperwhite paper 36

37. Switch connections u paths called connections must be pre-defined between stations u a fixed logical data link (logical connection) is established between stations before transmission even begins u during the transmission, all traffic between the stations must pass over that data link u unless a data link has been pre-established, two stations may not communicate at all u only OSI Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) protocols are needed 37

38. Ethernet Switches u Ethernet Hubs are Half Duplex u Most Ethernet Switches are Full Duplex –No collisions are possible –So two stations can both transmit to each other at the same time (full duplex operation) –Requires full duplex switches –Requires full duplex NICs u Lowest-cost LAN switches u Not standardized, so buyers tend to get locked into a single vendor 38

39. 39 Data Link Using Multiple Switches Original Signal Received Signal Received Signal Received Signal Regenerated Signal Regenerated Signal Switches regenerate signals before sending them out; this removes propagation effects It therefore allows signals to travel farther

40. 40 Multiswitch Ethernet LAN

41. 41 Hierarchical Ethernet LAN Ethernet switches must be arranged in a hierarchical topology In a hierarchical LAN, there is only one possible path between any hosts

42. 42 Routed LAN with Ethernet Subnets When a routed LAN links multiple Ethernet switched networks, individual switched networks are called subnets