1. Image Manipulation CSC361/661 – Digital Media Spring 2002 Burg/Wong

2. Adjusting Color and Contrast In Photoshop, go to Image->Adjust ->Levels to see histogram. Left end of slider controls pixel value mapped to black. Right end of slider controls pixel value mapped to white. You can do the same thing with Image- >Adjust->Curves.

3. Mapping Functions The “curve” represents a function that maps the original pixel value to a new value. A steeper slope represents greater contrast. Moving the beginning point up the y axis means your darkest color is not pure black. Moving the end point down vertically parallel to the y axis means your lightest color is not pure white. You can adjust the R, G, and B components separately in a color image.

4. Convolutions An n x n convolution mask computes a weighted sum of neighboring pixels across an image. It can be used to blur or sharpen an image. Try the examples from pages 142 and 145 in your book. A Gaussian blur looks more natural.

5. Unsharp Mask A technique for sharpening an image. You specify How much two pixels must differ by in order to be considered an edge (the threshold). The radius of the region in which each pixel is compared. The percentage increase in contrast between pixels.

6. Unsharp Mask Unsharp masking proceeds as follows: A Gaussian blur is applied to a copy of the original image. The pixels in the original image are multiplied by a scaling factor. The blurred image is subtracted from the scaled original image.

7. Indexed Color Uses 1 byte for each pixel, allowing up to 256 colors. A palette is associated with each image, showing which colors are used. The palette maps each number between 0 and 255 with a 3-byte color from over 16 million possibilities.

8. Indexed Color You can edit your color table so that it uses even fewer than 256 colors. If your original image actually has more than 256 colors, one of two things can be done with the colors not in your palette: Choose the closest one. Dither

9. Dithering Dithering simulates a color not in the palette by placing different colors close together so that the eye mixes them – they are chosen so that, when blended by the eye, they look like the missing color. You can use diffusion, pattern, or noise dithering. Diffusion usually works best.

10. Web-Safe Palette If you choose the Web-Safe palette, you know exactly what your picture is going to look like on someone else’s computer if it’s accessed through the Web. (The picture won’t be dithered any further.) There are 216 colors in the Web-safe palette.