1. The Enterprise of Chemistry Chapter 1

2. The People Everything that takes up space is made of something. Everything that takes up space is made of something. That something is called matter. That something is called matter.

3. The people that study matter are called chemists. The people that study matter are called chemists. This includes the properties of matter and the structure of matter. This includes the properties of matter and the structure of matter.

4. Silk is an expensive material. Silk is an expensive material. By studying the structure of silk, Wallace H. Carothers was able create a material similar to silk. By studying the structure of silk, Wallace H. Carothers was able create a material similar to silk.

5. However, because Carothers knew what the structure of silk was, he was able to make a material that is similar to silk but stronger. However, because Carothers knew what the structure of silk was, he was able to make a material that is similar to silk but stronger. We call this material Nylon. We call this material Nylon.

6. Once a chemist develops a new material, like nylon, a chemical engineer will help plan out a good process to mass produce the new chemical. Once a chemist develops a new material, like nylon, a chemical engineer will help plan out a good process to mass produce the new chemical.

7. The chemical engineer will then design, build and run the chemical plant. The chemical engineer will then design, build and run the chemical plant.

8. Sometimes, several phenomena can be explained by one idea. Sometimes, several phenomena can be explained by one idea. Scientists will take facts and information they gather to develop a theory. Scientists will take facts and information they gather to develop a theory.

9. A theory is an explanation of a phenomena. A theory is an explanation of a phenomena. When a theory is proven to always occur, it becomes a scientific law. When a theory is proven to always occur, it becomes a scientific law.

10. The Ingredients Can you name something that does not have a chemical in it? Can you name something that does not have a chemical in it?

11. Everything from your desk, water, the air you breathe, even you are made of chemicals. Everything from your desk, water, the air you breathe, even you are made of chemicals. So what are chemicals? So what are chemicals? Chemicals are simply matter. Chemicals are simply matter.

12. Before we said that matter was anything that takes up space. Before we said that matter was anything that takes up space. A better definition is “anything that has the property of inertia” A better definition is “anything that has the property of inertia” But what is Inertia? But what is Inertia?

13. Inertia is the tendency of matter to resist any change in velocity. Inertia is the tendency of matter to resist any change in velocity. This includes a change in direction. This includes a change in direction.

14. Pretend that you are riding on the Superman roller coaster in Six Flags. Pretend that you are riding on the Superman roller coaster in Six Flags. When the roller coaster turns a sharp right, your body feels like it doesn’t want to go that way. This is inertia. When the roller coaster turns a sharp right, your body feels like it doesn’t want to go that way. This is inertia.

15. Energy is also a property that all matter has. Energy is also a property that all matter has. This energy, under the proper conditions, can be used to do work. This energy, under the proper conditions, can be used to do work.

16. There are two basic forms of energy and object can have: There are two basic forms of energy and object can have: –Kinetic –Potential

17. Kinetic Energy is dependent on an objects motion. Kinetic Energy is dependent on an objects motion. The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has. The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has.

18. Potential Energy is dependent on an objects position. Potential Energy is dependent on an objects position. The further an object is away from the center of the earth, the more potential energy it has. The further an object is away from the center of the earth, the more potential energy it has.

19. Energy can be transferred between two separate objects in two ways. Energy can be transferred between two separate objects in two ways. –Direct contact –Electromagnetic waves

20. In most cases, energy that is transferred through electromagnetic waves is called radiant energy. In most cases, energy that is transferred through electromagnetic waves is called radiant energy. Radiant energy can travel through a vacuum (where there is no matter) Radiant energy can travel through a vacuum (where there is no matter)

21. The Rules All matter and energy follow scientific laws. All matter and energy follow scientific laws. Here are three laws to start out with. Here are three laws to start out with.

22. The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter is always conserved. The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter is always conserved. This means that any change that is done to matter (crumpling up paper or burning it for example) the object will still weigh the same. This means that any change that is done to matter (crumpling up paper or burning it for example) the object will still weigh the same.

23. Matter cannot be created or destroyed. Matter cannot be created or destroyed. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is always conserved. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is always conserved. This law works in the same way that the law of conservation of matter works. This law works in the same way that the law of conservation of matter works.

24. For example, energy could change from nuclear to electrical to mechanical to thermal, but the amount of energy will stay the same. For example, energy could change from nuclear to electrical to mechanical to thermal, but the amount of energy will stay the same.

25. Eventually, the Law of Conservation of Mass- Energy was discovered. Eventually, the Law of Conservation of Mass- Energy was discovered. Who discovered this law? Who discovered this law? Albert Einstein Albert Einstein E=mc 2 E=mc 2

26. With this equation you can see that mass is equivalent to energy. With this equation you can see that mass is equivalent to energy. Therefore, this law states that the sum of mass and energy is conserved. Therefore, this law states that the sum of mass and energy is conserved.

27. The Industry Many products require chemistry at some point in their production. Many products require chemistry at some point in their production. Polyester clothing, coins, and anything made with plastic are a few examples. Polyester clothing, coins, and anything made with plastic are a few examples.

28. But we don’t pull plastic and other materials from right out of the ground. But we don’t pull plastic and other materials from right out of the ground. So how does it become product? So how does it become product?

29. Raw materials are the substances found in nature. Raw materials are the substances found in nature. Metal, before it becomes clean and shiny, is usually found as an ore. Metal, before it becomes clean and shiny, is usually found as an ore.

30. An ore contains metal, but also has a lot of dirt and metal-oxides mixed in with it. An ore contains metal, but also has a lot of dirt and metal-oxides mixed in with it. This ore would be the raw material. This ore would be the raw material.

31. Consumer Products are what you buy in the store. Consumer Products are what you buy in the store. They required some form of manufacturing to become what you want. They required some form of manufacturing to become what you want. Computers, desks, hair clips, and medicine are all consumer products. Computers, desks, hair clips, and medicine are all consumer products.

32. Most of the time the consumer products are not produced in the same factory that gets the raw materials. Most of the time the consumer products are not produced in the same factory that gets the raw materials.

33. One factory will receive the raw materials and then change it into something more useful. One factory will receive the raw materials and then change it into something more useful.

34. For example, one company may receive iron ore and then run it through a blast furnace to create pure iron metal. For example, one company may receive iron ore and then run it through a blast furnace to create pure iron metal. The iron metal may then be sent to a cooking to be processed into a pan. The iron metal may then be sent to a cooking to be processed into a pan.

35. Can you name the intermediate? Can you name the intermediate? What about the raw material and the consumer product? What about the raw material and the consumer product?

36. Scientific Method The Process *Hint* Make sure to get the definitions for observe, hypothesis and experiment

37. Question Ask a question Ask a question –The scientific method starts with a question. –The answer needs to be measurable.

38. Research Be a savvy scientist. Do research instead of starting with nothing. Be a savvy scientist. Do research instead of starting with nothing. Use the library or the internet to find already known information. Use the library or the internet to find already known information.

39. Research will help you avoid making mistakes that have already been made by someone else. Research will help you avoid making mistakes that have already been made by someone else.

40. Hypothesis Create an educated guess about your question. Create an educated guess about your question. “If I do this, then this will happen.” “If I do this, then this will happen.”

41. A hypothesis needs to be stated in a way that is measurable and answers your question. A hypothesis needs to be stated in a way that is measurable and answers your question.

42. Experiment Test your hypothesis. Test your hypothesis. Experiments need to be fair. Experiments need to be fair. –Only change one variable at a time. –There is no previous bias.

43. Experiment should be repeated multiple times to eliminate outliers (accidents) Experiment should be repeated multiple times to eliminate outliers (accidents)

44. Analyze Collect your data and then analyze it. Collect your data and then analyze it. Determine if your hypothesis is true or false. Determine if your hypothesis is true or false. –Most of the time a scientist’s hypothesis is false. They will start over by making a new hypothesis.

45. Communicate Report your results to the community. Report your results to the community. Scientists will publish their results from a successful experiment in a magazine, book, on the internet, or by other means. Scientists will publish their results from a successful experiment in a magazine, book, on the internet, or by other means.

47. After the Process Once a hypothesis is proven correct, scientist will try to develop a model for it. Once a hypothesis is proven correct, scientist will try to develop a model for it. A model is an idea or comparison that makes a complex idea easier to understand. A model is an idea or comparison that makes a complex idea easier to understand.

48. For example, some people try to relate the structure of an atom to a solar system (even though this turns out to be false) For example, some people try to relate the structure of an atom to a solar system (even though this turns out to be false)

49. Slides 22 to 27 were found at: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/mentoring/p roject_scientific_method.shtml

50. End