1. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Chapter 12 Solutions 12.1 Solutions The water lost from the body is replaced by the intake of fluids.

2. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Solute and Solvent Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances contain a solute, usually in smaller quantity contain a solvent, usually in greater quantity

3. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Solutes spread evenly throughout the solution cannot be separated by filtration can be separated by evaporation are not visible but can give a color to the solution Nature of Solutes in Solutions

4. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Examples of Solutions The solutes and solvents in solutions can be solids liquids gases

5. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Identify the solute in each of the following solutions: A. 2 g of sugar (1) and 100 mL of water (2) B. 60.0 mL of of ethyl alcohol(1) and 30.0 mL of methyl alcohol (2) C. 55.0 mL of water (1) and 1.50 g of NaCl (2) D. Air: 200 mL of O 2 (1) and 800 mL of N 2 (2) Learning Check

6. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Identify the solute in each of the following solutions: A. 2 g of sugar (1) B. 30.0 mL of methyl alcohol (2) C. 1.5 g of NaCl (2) D. 200 mL of O 2 (1) Solution

7. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Water is the most common solvent is a polar molecule forms hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atom in one molecule and the oxygen atom in a different water molecule

8. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Formation of a Solution Na + and Cl  ions on the surface of a NaCl crystal are attracted to polar water molecules in solution are hydrated as several H 2 O molecules surround each

9. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Attractions in Solutions Interactions between solutes and solvents that are similar in polarity will form a solution are not similar will not form a solution 9

10. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 When NaCl(s) dissolves in water, the reaction can be written as H 2 O NaCl(s) Na + (aq) + Cl  (aq) solid separation of ions Equations for Solution Formation

11. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Solid LiCl is added to water. It dissolves because A. the Li + ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom (  - ) of water 2) hydrogen atom (  + ) of water B. the Cl  ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom (  - ) of water 2) hydrogen atom (  + ) of water Learning Check

12. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Solid LiCl is added to water. It dissolves because A. the Li + ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom (  - ) of water. B. the Cl  ions are attracted to the 2) hydrogen atom (  + ) of water. Solution

13. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Two substances form a solution when there is an attraction between the particles of the solute and solvent when a polar solvent such as water dissolves polar solutes such as sugar and ionic solutes such as NaCl when a nonpolar solvent such as hexane (C 6 H 14 ) dissolves nonpolar solutes such as oil or grease Like Dissolves Like

14. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Water and a Polar Solute

15. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Like Dissolves Like Solvents Solutes Water (polar) Ni(NO 3 ) 2 CH 2 Cl 2 (nonpolar) (polar) I 2 (nonpolar)

16. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Will the following solutes dissolve in water? Why? 1) Na 2 SO 4 2) gasoline (nonpolar) 3) I 2 4) HCl Learning Check

17. Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Will the following solutes dissolve in water? Why? 1) Na 2 SO 4 Yes, the solute is ionic. 2) gasoline No, the solute is nonpolar. 3) I 2 No, the solute is nonpolar. 4) HClYes, the solute is polar. Most polar and ionic solutes dissolve in water because water is a polar solvent. Solution