1. Focus:
Make a list of the names of explorers you already know and something about them.

4. Focus: Turn to page 76-77 in Atlas
Focus: Turn to page in Atlas. Read the introduction, and the history question, “What is Colonization?” Use the information to answer the following questions.
European explorers unexpectedly found opportunities in the Americas when they had been searching for what place?
What is a colony?
What did Europeans hope to gain from its colonies in America?

5. Exploration and Colonization (1400s – 1700s)

6. The “Old World”
in the Early 1400s
Europe
Asia
Africa
And

7. Trade Trade -Europeans wanted goods such as spices, silk, and tea from
“the Indies” (Southeast Asia)
The Silk Road
-Ran from Europe to the Indies
-Was kept safe by strong
Chinese rulers

8. The Silk Road

9. Changes in Trade Routes
New rulers took over Silk Road
It became unsafe to travel
Increased taxes made trade very expensive
Rise of Ottoman Empire
Ottoman rulers (Muslim) became “middle-men” in trade between Europeans and Asians
Asian goods became too expensive for most Europeans to buy
Christians and Muslims were not the best of friends, Why?

10. Focus: Use Map A in your Atlas. Create and complete the chart below.
Explorer
Year(s) of Voyage
Sponsoring Country
Destination
Cabot
Eastern North America
1501
Portugal
1513
Sountern North America
Pizzaro
1535
France
Netherlands and England

11. Europeans
Explore
The World

12. Why did Europeans want to explore?
To find new trade routes to the Indies
Wanted to go around the “middle men” and trade directly with merchants in the Indies to get rich
For glory and adventure
To spread their culture
Christian religion and European values

13. Europeans also wanted:
To take over new lands to expand power
To spread their culture
Christian religion and European values
(Remember, Catholicism had declined due to the Protestant Reformation. As part of the Great Commission, Protestant and Catholic missionaries traveled to the New World. They were like salesmen.)

14. Obstacles to Exploration
Lack of knowledge and technology
Ocean currents and wind patterns
Sometimes carried ships off course
Sailors had to ride with the currents and winds
Limited ability to explore far away places

15. Europeans began exploring in the late 1400s
Sharing of ideas
Map-makers, shipbuilders, navigators, and inventors shared information that made exploration possible
Europeans gained access to maps and sailing information from the Chinese, Greeks, and Arabs
Development of new technology
By the late 1400s, Europeans had the technology needed to begin exploring faraway places

16. Exploration Technology
Invention
Description
Compass
A device which helped sailors find direction by using a magnetized needle which always pointed north
A device which helped sailors use the position of the stars to figure out their location (latitude)
Astrolabe
Caravel
A fast, lightweight ship which used triangular sails and a rudder for easier navigation at sea and in shallow waters
A mixture of chemicals that explodes
when lit
Used in guns and cannons for:
-protection from other Europeans
-to dominate trade
-to fight against natives
-to hunt for food
Gunpowder

17. Voyages of Exploration

18. Focus: Atlas Page 77. Look at Picture B.
What is happening in the Picture? _________________________________
Describe the scene as if you were a Spanish Explorer. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. Search for New Trade Routes
Portugal and Spain were the first European nations to search for new water routes to the Indies
Portugal sent explorers East around Africa
Spain sent explorers West across the Atlantic
England (Great Britain), France, and Netherlands, all began exploring soon afterwards

20. Two Main Players in Early Exploration
Portugal
and
Spain P O R T U G A L
SPAIN

21. The Portuguese
They needed to explore to get money and increase their power.
They focused on the science of navigation hoping to be the first ones to find a water route to Asia

22. Prince Henry Son of Portuguese King
Dazzled by dreams of ocean exploration and East Asia
Established a navigation school
First to use Astrolabe and Caravel
1st to sail into open ocean away from land – so daring!
He sailed to Northwestern Africa known as Ivory Coast

23. Diaz He was the first to make it to the southern tip of Africa
Founded the Cape of Good Hope
Created many new trading ports

24. Vasco de Gama 1st to find sea route to Asia
First to sail around Africa to India (27,000 mi)
1st to find sea route to Asia
Allowed Portugal to dominate Asian trade

25. The Spanish
Spain was jealous of Portugal’s achievements (rivals) because Spain made few accomplishments in exploration until….
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married, uniting two empires
They became a powerhouse of exploration and colonization!

26. Christopher Columbus Plan to sail west to get to the Far East
1st to cross Atlantic Ocean
Lands on the Caribbean island of Hispanola in 1492
Discovered “The New World” and made 4 trips
Brought “small pox” to the natives killing almost 25 million natives in 50 years.

27. Hernando Cortez Cortez was a conquistador
Landed on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.
Cortez met the Aztecs, which were an ancient group of warriors and mathematicians
Cortez defeated their leader Montazuma and took all their gold for the glory of Spain

28. Balboa Sailed to Panama and hired natives to cross the isthmus
He discovered the “Southern Ocean” which later became known as the Pacific Ocean

29. Amerigo Vespucci Sailed to Brazil
His detailed drawings of the coast resulted in mapmakers naming land after him - Americas

30. Pizarro Spanish conquistador Sailed to present-day Colombia into Peru
Discovered the Incas
Used “germ warfare” to defeat the empire
Found a large supply of Emeralds

31. Ferdinand Magellan 1st to “circumnavigate” the Earth.
Killed in the Philippines during a local war
The next in command, Juan de Elcano, completed the journey for him

32. Animanicas

34. Focus: Atlas Page 77. Look at Picture B.
Describe the scene as if you were a Native American. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
How were Native Americans affected by Europeans who came to the Americas?___________________________________________________________

35. The French They were looking for a way to get
to Asia by going through the Arctic
Ocean above Canada
Not successful, but their exploration
allowed them to be very successful in
North America
Developed positive relationships
with Native Americans

36. Jacques Cartier
attempted to find the “Northwest Passage”, but failed
instead he found the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes
he helped France establish a flourishing fur trade in North America

37. Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77. Complete the sentences.
The __________ claimed lands along the eastern coast of what is now the United states. A major city located in the settlement region was _________ which used to be called New Amsterdam. The main economic activities in the region were _______ and _________.

38. European
Colonialism
(1500s-1700s)

39. colonialism: a system in which powerful nations rule over the land and people of weaker nations
-colony: a land and its people that are
controlled by a more powerful nation
-colonial power: a nation which has taken
control of the government and economy of
a weaker nation or territory
(a.k.a. mother country)

41. Types of Colonies
trading post empire: a collection of colonies used to trade items, typically along an established trade route
settler colony: type of colony where people move from their mother countries to create permanent settlements or towns
plantation colony: a type of colony in
which large areas of land are farmed by
enslaved people to grow cash crops

42. Area of Colonization (by late 1700s) Major Colonies and
Colonial Powers
Africa
Asia
The Americas
Oceania
(Australia and the Pacific)
Trading posts along coast – Portugal (other
Europeans came later)
South Africa – Netherlands (eventually forced out by Great Britain)
India – Great Britain (forced other Europeans out)
Dutch East Indies (Spice Islands) – Netherlands
The Philippines – Spain
British Canada, 13 Colonies – Great Britain
New Netherlands (NY) – The Netherlands
New France, Louisiana, Haiti - France
New Spain, Florida, West Indies, Peru – Spain
Brazil – Portugal
Australia, New Zealand – Great Britain

43. Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77.
The ________ claimed lands in central North America where the main economic activity was ___________________.
After conquering the Aztec empire, the ___________ dominated southwestern North America, Middle America and Western __________ America. The main economic activities on the lands they claimed were __________ and _________.

44. Colonization Game

45. Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77.
The eastern coast of South America was settled by the ____________, who founded the cities of _________ and _________. The main economic activities in the Portuguese settlement regions were ____________ and ___________.

46. Europeans
in Asia

48. Europeans Explore Asia
Portugal finds first all water route to Asia in late 1400s
Portugal, Spain, France, England, and Netherlands compete for control of trade
Trade Routes
Europeans set up trading posts
India and China
Silks, tea, porcelain
Southeast Asia
Spices (cloves, cinnamon, pepper)

49. Spread of Religions Hinduism and Buddhism Islam Christianity
Spread throughout Asia by 1400s
Islam
Spread by Muslim merchants and militaries
Christianity
Spread by European merchants and missionaries throughout Asia
Caused conflict with Chinese and Japanese rulers who believed it was a threat to their culture
Led China and Japan to isolationism, a policy of turning inward and cutting off contact with the outside world

50. Focus: Atlas page 78-79. Look at picture A and read caption
Focus: Atlas page Look at picture A and read caption. For each pair write C for Cause and E for Effect.
_____ Europeans brought diseases and overworked Native Americas.
_____ Millions of Native Americas died.

51. Europeans in
the Americas

52. European Explorers and Conquerors
Christopher Columbus “discovered” the Americas while looking for a western route to the Indies
Other explorers from Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands continued to explore the “New World”
European nations later began conquering and colonizing the Americas

53. European Colonies in the Americas

54. Spanish colonies South American Colonies West Indies
Plantation farming
Mining
West Indies
New Spain and Florida
Settler and Plantation Colonies

55. French colonies New France Louisiana Haiti Trading Post Empire
Fur Trapping and Fishing
Louisiana
Trading Post Empire and Plantation colony
Haiti
Plantation Colony

56. English colonies 13 Colonies British Canada Southern Colonies
Plantation Colonies
Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo
(and Later, Cotton)
Northern Colonies
Settler Colonies
Fishing and Timber
British Canada
Trading Post Empire
Fur Trapping and Fishing

57. The French and Indian War
England defeated France
France gave up territory to England and Spain

58. Europeans and Native Americans
Europeans spread diseases which killed many Native Americans
European missionaries came to spread Christianity to natives
Treatment of Native Americans
Spanish
Enslaved natives and forced them to work on plantations and in mines
French
Lived among natives
Learned native languages
Hunted, fished, and traded with natives
English
Lived peacefully alongside natives at first
As more English settlers arrived, natives were forced off land
Europeans and Native Americans

59. Focus: Atlas page 78-79. Look at picture A and read caption
Focus: Atlas page Look at picture A and read caption. For each pair write C for Cause and E for Effect.
_____ Europeans enslaved Africans and brought them to the Americas.
_____ Native American population declined.

60. Europeans
in Africa

61. Exploring Africa’s Coasts
Early trade relationships
By the 1500s, Europeans had been trading with Africans for gold, salt, and ivory for centuries.
Portugal searched for all water route to the Indies
Set up first trading post colonies along coasts of Africa
Other Europeans came later
Were initially uninterested in Africa’s interior

62. SLAVERY

63. African Slave Trade
Many African kingdoms had participated in the slave trade for hundreds of years
Bought and sold criminals, debtors, and prisoners of war as slaves
European Interest in Slaves
As Native American
populations declined,
Europeans wanted an
inexpensive source of
labor for their plantation
colonies in the Americas

64. African Views on Slavery Differed
At the same time, new African states arose whose way of life depended on the slave trade.
The rulers of these new states waged war against other Africans in order to gain control of the slave trade in their region.
Yet, in many African tribes slavery was an acceptable answer to poverty.
Slaves were frequently made a part of the family. There was a slave in Africa that served a tribal leader.

66. Slave Trade
Video
Available
In Class

67. Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79.
How long did the Atlantic slave trade last?
Where were the fewest slaves sent?
Where were the largest number of slaves sent?

70. Supply and Demand: demand was high….
Each year, traders shipped tens of thousands of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to work on tobacco and sugar plantations in the Americas.
The slave trade intensified as the demand for slaves increased in the Americas and the demand for luxury goods increased in Africa.

71. Destinations of Enslaved Africans, 1500–1870

72. Original Triangle Trade Route: Slaves, Sugar & Rum

73. Triangular Trade Grows
The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network know as the triangular trade.

74. Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79.
How many enslaved Africans died on the way to the Americas?
How many slaves were sent to what is today eastern United States?
How many slaves were sent to the Caribbean?

75. History of Slave Trade
Video
Available
In Class

76. Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade
By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas. Another 2 million probably died during the Middle Passage (define).
In West Africa, the loss of countless numbers of young women and men resulted in some small states disappearing forever.
Slave Collar So a runaway could be heard!

77. A Different Kind of Slavery…BUT
"Anyone can say that slavery has existed forever," says Frans Fontaine, "even the Greeks and Romans had slaves.”
But this kind of slavery was different - it was fixed to race. You became a slave because you were black.

78. A Different Kind of Slavery…BUT
But slavery didn't fit in with Christian ideals so there was a very good solution for this problem; black people, Europeans and Americans determined, they were not really humans.
And that is the most cruel part of this form of slavery. Blacks were not people, they said,…could therefore be enslaved.

79. Slave Ship Journal Tasks
Assume “slave square position.”
The Overseer is watching!
Watch a segment from Roots, Vol. 1 -“The Capture…” minutes
Answer the questions that follow “Interpreting Primary Sources #2” in your journal.
Read the biographies of “Olaudah Equiano.”a
Write a journal entry as if you are a sailor on a slave ship who would secretly like to interview Equiano. List five questions you would ask him and explain why.

80. Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79.
How many enslaves Africans were forced to work in the Spanish and British Americas?
In total how many Africans were taken from their homelands and enslaved?
Look at Chart C. Is this number more of less than all of the people living in the ten largest cities in the world in 1500?

81. Triangular Trade
Manufactured goods (tools, guns, rum, and cloth) from Europe to the coast of West Africa
Slaves from Africa to the American colonies
Raw materials (sugar, molasses, tobacco, and cotton) back to Europe

83. “The Middle Passage”
“The Middle Passage”- the awful trip made by enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas
About 16 million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas between the 1500s and 1800s
Slave traders crammed as many slaves as possible below deck
One in five slaves did not make the journey

84. Effects on African Societies
Many African communities lost their strongest and most capable workers to the slave trade
Families were torn apart
The introduction of guns to the continent of Africa added to the cycle of violence

85. Participation in the Slave Trade
Many African leaders participated in the slave trade to make money
African merchants kidnapped people of interior parts of Africa and sold them to Europeans at trading posts along coast
European merchants bought and sold African slaves for large profits

86. Resistance to the Slave Trade
Some African leaders
King Alfonso I of the Congo
asked the Pope to stop the
slave trade
Slave Revolts
Most slave revolts were put down
Successful revolts
Slaves won freedom in French colony of Haiti
Group of slaves won freedom after fighting their captors and taking control of their transport ship, the Amistad
Abolitionist (anti-slavery) movements took place in the U.S. during the 1800s

87. Exploitation
Slavery was outlawed in most places by the end of the 1800s
Europeans continued colonizing Africa through early 1900s

88. Focus: Atlas Map B. Page 78.
Write AM next to anything that came from Americas. Write EAA next to anything from Europe, Africa or Asia.
__Corn
__Turkeys
__Coffee
__Potatoes
__Horses
__Black Flies
__Sunflowers
__Rubber
__Sugar Cane
__Cattle
__Tomatoes
__Watermelons

89. Effects of
European
Colonial Expansion

90. Effects of Colonialism
Political Changes
European countries became more powerful
Competed with one another for colonies
People of Africa, Asia, and the Americas became weaker
Social Changes
Cultures were changed in Africa, Asia, and the Americas
Dominance of European language and customs
Christianity spread to colonized lands
Natives of colonized lands became lower classes
Economic Changes
Expanding international trade (Columbian Exchange)
Growth of capitalism
New trade gave peasants more opportunities
Growth of a middle class in Europe
Transfer of wealth from colonies to Europe

91. International Trade

92. Key Ideas of Mercantilism
Mercantilism: an economic theory that states that nations become powerful by building up large supplies of gold and silver
Government controls economy
Decides what to produce in the colonies
Only allows colonies to trade with mother country
Nations want favorable balance of trade
Export more than you import
Importance of colonies
Sources of raw materials
Ex. cotton, sugar, tobacco
Markets for manufactured goods
Ex. cloth, guns, tools

93. Key Ideas of Capitalism
Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership of businesses and property
Development of Capitalism
Many merchants believed that trade would increase if governments would let the people control the economy
Free enterprise
Economy is free from government control
Property and businesses are privately owned
People run businesses to earn profit
Market economy
Producers and consumers decide what goods and services to produce
Prices and wages are negotiated in the marketplace
Competition encourages businesses to offer quality goods and services at fair prices