1. Smalltalk in a.NET World How to write a Smalltalk compiler without writing a VM John Brant brant@refactory.com

2. #Smalltalk Open source Smalltalk compiler Complete Source Available Self hosting Compiles Smalltalk directly to.NET executables and libraries

3. Building Smalltalk Virtual Machine .NET Virtual Machine Compiler  RB parser Class Library  ANSI Standard Development tools (debuggers, browsers, etc.)

4. What’s.NET Anyway? Common class library (collections, GUI, sockets, database, etc.) Common virtual machine and byte code instruction set Language isn’t supposed to matter

5. Why.NET? (business reasons) Backed by Microsoft Lots of existing code Allow Smalltalk to be used for applications that “require.NET”

6. Why.NET? (personal reasons) Build a Smalltalk compiler Make an experimental platform Learn.NET Unemployed

7. Smalltalk vs..NET Smalltalk.NET Strong, dynamic typingStrong, static typing Tagged integersPrimitive integer types BlocksDelegates Resumable ExceptionsNon-resumable exceptions become:, change classes?

8. Smalltalk vs..NET II Smalltalk.NET All methods are virtualStatic, virtual, & non-virtual methods Add/remove classes & methods Add classes/methods (can’t remove or recompile) ?Structs & Enums

9. Dynamic Typing Root super type Understands every message Sends #doesNotUnderstand: Root ObjectProxy printString ^self doesNotUnderstand: (Message selector: #printString arguments: #()) printString | stream | stream := WriteStream with: String new. self printOn: stream. ^stream contents

10. null vs. nil Special object for nil Class constructor initializes variables to nil Method temporaries initialized to nil only if they could be read before written method: aBoolean | temp one | aBoolean ifTrue: [temp := 5]. one := 1. ^temp + one temp := nil.

11. SmallIntegers No support for tagged integers Real integer objects 10x slower than tagged integers 2r00001011 2r00000010 VW Tagged#Smalltalk

12. Blocks Create class for each block Create object from block class at runtime method ^#(1) collect: [:each | each + 1] method ^#(1) collect: (Method-Block new) MonadicBlock subclass: Method-Block instanceVariableNames: ‘’ … value: each ^each + 1

13. Block Variables Variable references  Copied values (method/block arguments)  Active variables (temporaries) method: arg | block temp | block := [temp + arg]. temp := 5. ^block value method arg block temp block arg temp value arg 5

14. Block Returns Simulate using.NET exceptions 100x slower Tag object (integer) method1 self method2: [^1] method2: aBlock #(2) do: [:each | aBlock value. ^each] method2 method1 do: method2[ ] method1[ ]

15. Primitives Some actions aren’t representable (e.g., identityHash, +, etc.) Primitive tag  Only one per method Compiler primitive: []  Used anywhere in method  User can add new primitives  Block code evaluated at compile time

16. Primitive Example identityHash ^Compiler primitive: [:codeGenerator | codeGenerator call: (System.Object getMethod: 'GetHashCode'); constructNewObject: codeGenerator smalltalk smallIntegerClass initializedConstructor] evaluate: self

17. Optimized Messages Certain messages aren’t sent (e.g., ifTrue:, whileTrue:, to:do:) Can hard code in compiler Instead use macros and “Compiler primitive: []” syntax

18. Macros RB’s rewrite rules  ``@node ifTrue: ``@block  Compiler primitive: [:codeGen :block | …] evaluate: ``@node uses: ``@block Allows arbitrary optimizations (e.g., ifNil:  isNil ifTrue:) Copy source interval for debugger

19. Connecting with.NET Over 2500 classes provided Seamless integration | algorithm stream | algorithm := HashAlgorithm create: ‘MD5’. stream := FileStream read: ‘rb.im’. [algorithm computeHash: stream] ensure: [stream close]

20. Connecting Smalltalk to.NET Class references (Convert or System.Convert) Typed Variables (System.Int32) Generic ObjectWrapper Messages for field, property, and method access Constructors – #new* messages

21. Method arguments First keyword for method name/rest can be anything Arguments converted to.NET objects  is-a tests for arguments Overloaded methods left-to-right, specific-to-generic  System.Console::Write(int/char/…/object)

22. Console Example System.Console write: anObject (anObject isKindOf: SmallInteger) ifTrue: [System.Console write: anObject integer] ifFalse: [(anObject isKindOf: Character) ifTrue: [System.Console write: anObject character] ifFalse: [(anObject isKindOf: String) ifTrue: [System.Console write: anObject string] ifFalse: [System.Console write: anObject]]]

23. Connecting.NET to Smalltalk Events use add_EventName: / remove_EventName: methods Delegates (#asDelegate:) Button new add_Click: ([:obj :args | …] asDelegate: EventHandler) Exported Properties/Methods (specified by annotations) Interfaces & subclasses (to do)

24. #Smalltalk Development (Version 1) Proof of concept VisualWorks program Compiled generated text file with ilasm (.NET’s assembler) Not seamless

25. #Smalltalk Development (Version 2) Read.SIF files VisualWorks DLL connection to.NET Override qualified name lookup in VW to use.NET DLL  System.Int32 Parse: ‘1234’ System.Reflection.Emit generate.exe file directly

26. #Smalltalk Development (Version 3) Code based on Version 2 Self hosting Complete.exe compiler Compile three times (fixed point)  Old code compiling new code  New code compiling new code  Verify new code compiled new code valid

27. Benchmarks Dolphin#SmalltalkVAVWSqueak add integers36.062.62576.97 14.07 add floats64.7675.482266.6739.0811.45 access strings19.1054.3754.42108.8436.28 create objects20.2090.8230.3090.917.16 copy objects29.9137.3574.77 14.11 perform selectors28.9616.1237.65161.358.07 evaluate blocks6.8030.9161.8842.672.17 generating fractonaccis15.7733.5587.21115.227.20 generating primes42.2243.15140.38181.13* generating strings98.4427.09128.79179.7118.27 forming sets20.1913.2548.63216.1121.14 sorting strings36.6549.36856.5070.5928.65

28. Future work IDE (GUI builders, Browsers, etc.) Add Subclassing/Interfaces Optimizations  Reusing intermediate numerical values (e.g., i + j + k)  Type inferencing – eliminating SmallIntegers (e.g., 1 to: 10 do: [:i | ]) Write programs

29. Contact Information #Smalltalk  http://www.refactory.com/Software/SharpSmalltalk/ VisualWorks.NET DLL  http://www.rileywhite.com/software/assemblyconnect.html.NET  http://www.microsoft.com/net/  http://www.go-mono.com/