1. Transport Measures Meridional overturning, MOC: MOC on density surfaces: Heat transport (rel. 0 o C): Freshwater transport (rel. 35 psu):

2. K-7 Ganachaud&Wunsch heat transports are indicated by the arrows and red numbers (positive northward/eastward). The white box at the tail end of each arrow is the one- standard-deviation uncertainty. Between sections, ocean-atmosphere heat transfers are indicated by the zonal length of the coloured boxes (blue for ocean cooling; red for ocean heating), with the length of the white box inside indicating the uncertainty. Keith (1995) Trenberth & Solomon (1994) Macdonald & Wunsch (1996) Garnier et al (2001) De las Heras & Schlitzer(1999) Bryden et al (1991) Ganachaud & Wunsch (2000) Heat transports Mass transports Heat transports

3. K-7 Global Heattransport Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)

4. ENSEBLES North Atlantic Heattr. Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)

5. K-7 Indo-Pac. Heattransport Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)

6. Wijffels et al (2001)/Macdonald&Wunsch(1996) Wijffels et al (2001) Macdonald&Wunsch(1996)

7. K-7 Global Freshwater transp. Wijffels et. al. (2001)

8. K-7 Atlantic and IndoPac freshwater transports Indo-PacificAtlantic

9. K-7 Heat transport 25 o N

10. K-7 Heat transport 48 o N

11. ENSEBLES Heat/FW transport Global Mean 25N (PW) Global Mean 20S (PW) Ind.-Pac. Mean 25N (PW) Atl. Mean 25N (PW) Atl. STD 25N (PW) Atl. Seasonal 25N (PW) Atl. Drift 25N (PW/10yr) Global Mean FW 30S (Sv) Global Mean FW 25N (Sv) Model Details Method Details Ganachaud& Wunsch (2000) 1.80-0.800.501.30Macdonald (1998)0.72-0.3 ECCO-JPL1.45-1.300.441.010.30-0.370.50-0.35 MIT 1-1/3 o, Lev KPP, GM partition Kalman ECCO-SIO1.40-0.440.450.960.210.13-0.080.35-0.31MIT 1 o, Lev, KPP, GM adjoint ECCO-50yr1.26-0.630.380.880.210.14 0.0340.33-0.31MIT 1 o,Lev, KPP, GM adjoint ECCO-GODAE1.15-0.780.330.820.210.130.0330.55-0.31MIT 1 o,Levadjoint GFDL1.010.220.200.770.310.11-0.018MOM INGV2.2-1.10.71.450.250.11-0.270.82-0.45OPA 2-1/2 o,Lev, TKE, eddy vel multivar. OI SODA0.990.16-0.08MOM 1-1/3 o Lev KPP,GM OI

12. K-7 Bryden et al (2005) Transport per unit depth (in m2 s-1) represents the zonally averaged northward geostrophic velocity times the zonal distance across the section at each depth. a, Top-to-bottom profile showing the general similarity in vertical structure of the flow for each section with southward flow in the upper waters, a northward flow of intermediate waters, a southward flow of deep waters at 1,200-5,000 m depth, and a northward flow in the bottom waters. b, Expanded profile of the thermocline flow showing the stronger southward flow in the 1998 and 2004 sections. c, Expanded profile below 1,000 m depth showing the two cores of southward flowing upper NADW centred at about 2,000 m depth and lower NADW centred at 4,000 m depth. u-NADW l-NADW AABW

13. K-7 Max. MOC 25 o N Bryden et al. (2005) ECMWF

14. K-7 Max. MOC 48 o N

15. Global MOC ECCO-SIO ECCO-50y ECCO-GODAE ECCO-JPL INGV SODA GFDL

16. Atlantic MOC ECCO-SIO ECCO-50y ECCO-GODAE ECCO-JPL INGV SODA GFDL

17. IndoPac MOC ECCO-SIO ECCO-50y ECCO-GODAE ECCO-JPL INGV SODA GFDL

18. ENSEBLES MOC Max. Atl. MOC (Sv) Mean MOC 25N (Sv) STD MOC 25N (Sv) Seasonal MOC 25N (Sv) Drift MOC 25N, 92-02 (Sv/10yrs) Mean MOC 48N (Sv) l-NADW 92 – 02 3-5km AABW North-Atl. Min. Ind- Pac MOC(Sv) Model Details Method Details G & W (2000) Bryden et al(2005) 16(<27.72) 19.4-14.8 ……….. -4.0 14(<27.72) ………….. ………. 10.4-6.5 ……… 1.2-2.5 ECCO-JPL19174.0-7.019No (Yes) too shallow -16 MIT 1-1/3 o, Lev KPP, GM partition Kalman ECCO-SIO 191631.8-0.719 (No) 2Sv (Yes) 1Sv not ov.Eq. -11 MIT 1 o, Lev, KPP, GM adjoint ECCO-50yr 181431.70.217No (Yes) not ov.Eq. -8 MIT 1 o,Lev, KPP, GM adjoint ECCO-GODAE 171431.9-0.317 (No) 4Sv (Yes) not ov.Eq. -15MIT 1 o,Levadjoint ECMWF (30N) 1620.28-3.1 Yes 13Sv 6SvHOPE 1 o,LevOI GFDL 301431.2-1.515 (No) 7Sv Yes-10MOM INGV 252231.2-3.318 Yes 6Sv (Yes) only S Atl. -15 OPA 2-1/2 o,Lev, TKE, eddy vel multivar. OI SODA 221741.20.613No (Yes) 1Sv no ov. 20S MOM 1-1/3 o Lev KPP,GM OI

19. AWI ----------------

20. Willebrand et al (2000) LevelISOPYCNIC SIGMA ISOPYCNICLevel Atlantic MOC vs. depth Atlantic MOC vs. density Roemmich&Wunsch (1985) Level SIGMA ISOPYCNIC 10 th yr 1 st yr

21. ECCO-JPL

22. ECCO-SIO

23. ECCO-50y

24. ECCO-GODAE

25. ECMWF

26. SODA GFDL

27. INGV

28. SODA

29. ECCO-SIO ECCO-SIO/50y + Ref. Bryden et al. (2005)