1. IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW
4/25/2017
IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW
P.K. Krishnakumar, Mohammed Qurban, Khaled A. Abdulkader*, Yusef H. Fadlalla*, Mohammed Ashraf and M. Asif Khan
Centre for Environment & Water, Research Institute
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
*Environmental Protection Department, Saudi Aramco,

2. TOPIC OVERVIEW Introduction Major Impacting Activities
Types of Impacts
Case Study from Tarut Bay
Landfilling
Coastal Discharges
Management Strategies

3. INTRODUCTION
Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems and important breeding and nursery grounds for fish and invertebrate species.
Mangroves along the Gulf coast and Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia facing tremendous pressures due to coastal development activities.
Major stressors include landfilling, dredging, coastal development, solid and liquid waste disposal.
The extent of mangrove forests along the Saudi Arabian Gulf has decreased considerably. For example, in Tarut Bay alone it showed drastic reduction.

4. GLOBAL TREND IN LOSS OF MANGROVES AREAS

5. MAJOR IMPACTING ACTIVITIES
Landfilling & dredging
Disposal of solid-wastes and garbage
Untreated or poorly treated waste discharge
Oil and industrial pollution

6. IMPACTS TO MANGROVES 1 Coastal construction and changes in land use.
SI. NO.
ACTIVITY
IMPACTS
REFERENCES 1
Coastal construction and changes in land use.
Alteration of hydrological regimes (modifying the tidal flow and seawater supply to the mangroves), interruption of littoral drift, reduced flushing etc.
PERSGA, 2004 2
Organic pollution
Retarded growth, incidence of dead and aberrant pneumatophores. High organic C lead to reduction of soil redox potential.
Mandura, 1997
Saenger et al.1995
Crona et al. 2009 3
Oil and industrial pollution
Acute effects (mortality) occur within 6 months to few weeks.
Branching of pneumatophores, germination failure, decreased canopy cover, increased rate of mutation etc.
Burns et al. 1993
Böer, 1993. 4
Disposal of solid-wastes and garbage.
Serious physical impacts, particularly on young seedlings and pneumatophores.
Interfere with water circulation by blocking tidal channels.

7. CASE STUDY FROM TARUT BAY

8. BIOTOPE MAP & HABITAT TYPE
Mangroves
Seagrass

9. LANDFILLED AREAS WITHIN TARUT BAY
More than 11 percent of the total area of Tarut Bay (i.e., total km2) was filled.
Approximately 2 percent (i.e., km2) of the bay, outside of the shipping channels and berthing areas, has been dredged.
Major landfill areas outlined in yellow

10. TARUT BAY- CHANGES IN MANGROVE COVERAGE
Loss of around 232 hectares (37%)

11. LAND FILLED AREAS IN TARUT BAY
Loss of around 287 hectares from 1973 to 2007 (46%).

12. TARUT BAY - MARINE OUTFALLS
Safwa STP
Sanabis STP
Awamiya STP & Nasira Agricultural
Jaruadiyah STP
Majidia Agricultural Discharge
Anak North Agricultural Discharge
Anak South Agriculture discharge
STUDY AREA

13. TOTAL ESTIMATED DISCHARGES (m3/day)

14. DISCHARGE PARAMETERS (MEAN FOR 2006-2007)
(30 day avg.)
Flow Rate
(m3/day)
Ammonia (mg/L)
BOD (mg/L)
pH (units)
TDS (mg/L)
TKN
(mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
PME
Allowable Effluent Level
1.0 25
6-9 5 15
Al Jesh STP
15,161
16.52
61.96
20.19
101.59
Anak-North
42,422
3.61
2,077
Anak-South
31,882
3.65
2,231
Awamiya STP
17,188
17.02
64.17
20.22
97.09
Dammam STP
230,128
13.72
22.58
7.45
3,553
16.51
23.08
Jaruadiyah STP
65,736
13.06
3.23
3,495
12.15
Joyaima GP
6.55
8.03
9.14
8.60
Majidia
8,510
3,047
Nasira Plant
10,238
3.63
2,915
Ras Tanura Refinery
137,908
7.74
Safwa STP
14,265
2.65
4.17
7.08
3,450
6.45
Sanabis STP
23,988
16.54
63.50
21.11
85.00
In excess of PME standards for direct discharge to receiving waters for a 30 day average.
With in the PME Limits

15. TARUT BAY- AVERAGE SURFACE CURRENT VELOCITY

16. IMAPCT OF SEWAGE DISCHARGE
Example from Red Sea
The southern corniche area of Jeddah receives through Al-Kumra effluent the equivalent of 300,000 m3 of semi-treated sewage.
Basaham et al. 2009

17. TARUT BAY-CORAL REEF

18. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR MANGROVE CONSERVATION
Provide protection against dredging, filling, and other development;
Designate mangroves as protected areas;
Protect mangroves from pollution particularly industrial effluent, sewage, and sediment;
Ensure that all developments planned for mangroves are subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

19. Thank You